Rules, Roles, and Room for Discussion in Gadoxetic Acid-enhanced Magnetic Resonance Liver Imaging: Current Knowledge and Future Challenges

Myocardial inflammation is an important cause of cardiovascular morbidity and sudden cardiac death in athletes. The relationship between sports practice and myocardial inflammation is complex, and recent data from studies concerning cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and endomyocardial biopsy have substantially added to our understanding of the challenges encountered in the comprehensive care of athletes with myocarditis or inflammatory cardiomyopathy (ICM). In this review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of myocarditis, ICM, and myopericarditis/perimyocarditis in athletes, with a special emphasis on arrhythmias, patient-tailored therapies, and sports eligibility issues.

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Neural circuit regulation of prepulse inhibition of startle in the rat: current knowledge and future challenges

Psychopharmacology ◽

10.1007/s002130100799 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 156 (2-3) ◽

pp. 194-215 ◽

Cited By ~ 751

Author(s):

N. Swerdlow ◽

M. Geyer ◽

D. Braff

Keyword(s):

Prepulse Inhibition ◽

Neural Circuit ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Future Challenges

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Sperm Metabolomics through Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani11061669 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 1669

Author(s):

Marta Lombó ◽

Sara Ruiz-Díaz ◽

Alfonso Gutiérrez-Adán ◽

María-Jesús Sánchez-Calabuig

Keyword(s):

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽

Magnetic Resonance ◽

Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ◽

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽

Farm Animals ◽

Plasma Metabolites ◽

Resonance Spectroscopy ◽

Nuclear Magnetic

This report reviews current knowledge of sperm metabolomics analysis using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1 H-NMR) with particular emphasis on human and farm animals. First, we present the benefits of NMR over other techniques to identify sperm metabolites and then describe the specific methodology required for NMR sperm analysis, stressing the importance of analyzing metabolites extracted from both the hydrophilic and lipophilic phases. This is followed by a description of advances produced to date in the use of NMR to diagnose infertility in humans and to identify metabolic differences among the sperm of mammalian herbivore, carnivore, and omnivore species. This last application of NMR mainly seeks to explore the possible use of lipids to fuel sperm physiology, contrary to previous theories that glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) are the only sources of sperm energy. This review describes the use of NMR to identify sperm and seminal plasma metabolites as possible indicators of semen quality, and to examine the metabolites needed to maintain sperm motility, induce their capacitation, and consequently, to predict animal fertility.

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Synthetic protocell biology: from reproduction to computation

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1098/rstb.2007.2065 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 362 (1486) ◽

pp. 1727-1739 ◽

Cited By ~ 76

Author(s):

Ricard V Solé ◽

Andreea Munteanu ◽

Carlos Rodriguez-Caso ◽

Javier Macía

Keyword(s):

Current Knowledge ◽

Building Blocks ◽

Biochemical Networks ◽

Cellular Structures ◽

Biological Complexity ◽

Artificial Cell ◽

Future Challenges ◽

Cooperative Dynamics ◽

The Origin Of Life ◽

Review Current

Cells are the building blocks of biological complexity. They are complex systems sustained by the coordinated cooperative dynamics of several biochemical networks. Their replication, adaptation and computational features emerge as a consequence of appropriate molecular feedbacks that somehow define what life is. As the last decades have brought the transition from the description-driven biology to the synthesis-driven biology, one great challenge shared by both the fields of bioengineering and the origin of life is to find the appropriate conditions under which living cellular structures can effectively emerge and persist. Here, we review current knowledge (both theoretical and experimental) on possible scenarios of artificial cell design and their future challenges.

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Lung Interstitial Macrophages: Past, Present, and Future

Journal of Immunology Research ◽

10.1155/2018/5160794 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

Joey Schyns ◽

Fabrice Bureau ◽

Thomas Marichal

Keyword(s):

Dendritic Cells ◽

Alveolar Macrophages ◽

Historical Perspective ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Allergic Airway Inflammation ◽

Immune Functions ◽

Immune Mediated ◽

Future Challenges ◽

Long Time ◽

Review Current

For a long time, investigations about the lung myeloid compartment have been mainly limited to the macrophages located within the airways, that is, the well-known alveolar macrophages specialized in recycling of surfactant molecules and removal of debris. However, a growing number of reports have highlighted the complexity of the lung myeloid compartment, which also encompass different subsets of dendritic cells, tissue monocytes, and nonalveolar macrophages, called interstitial macrophages (IM). Recent evidence supports that, in mice, IM perform important immune functions, including the maintenance of lung homeostasis and prevention of immune-mediated allergic airway inflammation. In this article, we describe lung IM from a historical perspective and we review current knowledge on their characteristics, ontogeny, and functions, mostly in rodents. Finally, we emphasize some important future challenges for the field.

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