Monetary Effects on Fear Conditioning

2013 ◽  
Vol 112 (2) ◽  
pp. 353-364
Author(s):  
Chen Qu ◽  
Aiyi Zhang ◽  
Qishan Chen
Keyword(s):  
Fear Conditioning ◽  
Secondary Reinforcer ◽  
Shock Condition ◽  
Learning Stage ◽  
Reward Group ◽  
Fear Reduction ◽  
Primary Reinforcer ◽  
Skin Conductance Responses ◽  
High Reward ◽  
Monetary Gain

Previous research has found that the loss of money as a negative secondary reinforcer was as effective as a primary reinforcer during fear conditioning. The purpose of the present study was to explore the effect of monetary gain as a positive secondary reinforcer in fear conditioning. Participants were assigned to a high-reward group or low-reward group. Three kinds of squares prompting non-compensation shock, compensation shock, and no shock were presented. Skin conductance responses (SCRs) and self-ratings were recorded. The results revealed that (a) both SCRs and self-ratings in the compensation shock condition were lower than in the non-compensation shock condition, suggesting that money might block the learning stage of fear conditioning; and (b) a higher ratio of fear reduction was present in self-rating when compared to SCRs, suggesting that people might overstate the utility of money, subjectively. Monetary effects, the effects of different amounts of money, and the differences between subjective and physiological levels are discussed.

scholarly journals Perbedaan Perilaku Lekat Bayi Pada Orangtua Antara Yang Diberi Asi Eksklusif Dengan Yang Tidak Diberi Asi Eksklusif (Studi Pada Bayi Umur 6 Bulan – 3 Tahun di Kecamatan Candi Kabupaten Sidoarjo)

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 53
Author(s):  
Qurrotul A’yun ◽  
Inayah Inayah
Keyword(s):  
T Test ◽  
Secondary Reinforcer ◽  
Primary Reinforcer

Air Susu Ibu (ASI) merupakan makanan yang paling sempurna bagi bayi. Memberikan ASI berarti memberikan zat-zat gizi yang bernilai gizi tinggi yang dibutuhkan untuk pertumbuhan dan perkembangan saraf dan otak, serta mewujudkan ikatan emosional antara ibu dan bayinya. Teori belajar mengatakan bahwa kelekatan antara ibu dan anak dimulai saat ibu menyusui bayi sebagai proses pengurangan rasa lapar yang menjadi dorongan dasar. Susu yang diberikan ibu menjadi primary reinforcer dan ibu menjadi secondary reinforcer. (Gewirtz dalam Hetherington dan Parke, 1999 dalam Ervika 2000, http//Library usu.co.id). Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui perbedaan perilaku lekat bayi pada orang tua antara yang diberi ASI Eksklusif dengan yang tidak diberi ASI Eksklusif. Dari hasil Uji t probabilitasnya adalah < 0,05 yaitu 0,000 berarti hipotesis diterima. Berdasarkan tabel t-test, ttabel pada taraf kepercayaan 95% maka didapatkan nilai ttabel sebesar 1,645. Oleh karena thitung > ttabel yaitu sebesar 13,832 maka hipotesis diterima. Dengan demikian berdasarkan uji tersebut di atas terdapat perbedaan Perilaku lekat bayi pada orang tua antara yang diberi ASI eksklusif dengan yang tidak diberi ASI eksklusif. 

scholarly journals Impairment in acquisition of conditioned fear in schizophrenia: a pooled analysis of four studies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauri Tuominen ◽  
Liana Romaniuk ◽  
Mohammed R Milad ◽  
Donald C Goff ◽  
Jeremy Hall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Associative Learning ◽  
Fear Conditioning ◽  
Conditioned Fear ◽  
Pooled Analysis ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Pavlovian Fear Conditioning ◽  
Schizophrenia Group ◽  
Skin Conductance Responses ◽  
Sufficient Power ◽  
Prior Models

Background: Individuals with schizophrenia show impairments in associative learning. One well-studied, quantifiable form of associative learning is Pavlovian fear conditioning. However, to date, studies of fear conditioning in schizophrenia have been inconclusive, possibly because they lacked sufficient power. Methods: To address this issue, data were pooled from 4 independent fear conditioning studies that included a total of 77 individuals with schizophrenia and 74 control subjects. Skin conductance responses (SCRs) during fear conditioning to stimuli that were paired (the CS+) and not paired (CS-) with an aversive, unconditioned stimulus were measured, and the success of acquisition of differential conditioning (the magnitude of CS+ vs CS- SCRs) and responses to CS+ and CS- separately were assessed. Results: Acquisition of differential conditioned fear responses was significantly lower in individuals with schizophreania than in healthy controls (Cohen's d = 0.53). This effect was primarily related to a significantly higher response to the CS- stimulus in the schizophrenia compared to the control group. The magnitude of this response to the CS- in the schizophrenia group was correlated with the severity of delusional ideation. Other symptoms or antipsychotic dose were not associated with fear conditioning measures. Conclusions: Individuals with schizophrenia who endorse delusional beliefs are over-responsive to neutral stimuli during fear conditioning. This finding is consistent with prior models of aberrant learning in psychosis.

Conditioned Reinforcement Using Brain Stimulation as a Primary Reinforcement

1972 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-30
Author(s):  
Ernest H. Bergquist ◽  
James A. Joseph
Keyword(s):  
Conditioned Reinforcement ◽  
Brain Stimulation ◽  
Primary Reinforcement ◽  
Secondary Reinforcer ◽  
Conditioned Reward ◽  
Rewarding Brain Stimulation ◽  
Primary Reinforcer ◽  
Rewarding Brain

The purposes of this study were to condition a secondary reinforcer using rewarding brain stimulation as a primary reinforcer, and to determine whether the absence of stimulation-induced motivational conditions during testing might be an important factor in making this phenomenon so difficult to obtain. A moderate conditioned-reward effect was obtained, but the importance of stimulation-evoked motivational conditions was not definitely established.

scholarly journals Vicarious conditioned fear acquisition and extinction in child–parent dyads

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie-France Marin ◽  
Alexe Bilodeau-Houle ◽  
Simon Morand-Beaulieu ◽  
Alexandra Brouillard ◽  
Ryan J. Herringa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fear Conditioning ◽  
Conditioned Fear ◽  
Fear Learning ◽  
Actual Process ◽  
Conditioning Procedure ◽  
Learning Mechanisms ◽  
Conditioning Paradigm ◽  
Extinction Process ◽  
Skin Conductance Responses ◽  
Fear And Anxiety

Abstract The biological mechanisms involved in fear transmission within families have been scarcely investigated in humans. Here we studied (1) how children acquired conditioned fear from observing their parent, or a stranger, being exposed to a fear conditioning paradigm, and (2) the subsequent fear extinction process in these children. Eighty-three child-parent dyads were recruited. The parent was filmed while undergoing a conditioning procedure where one cue was paired with a shock (CS + Parent) and one was not (CS −). Children (8 to 12 years old) watched this video and a video of an adult stranger who underwent conditioning with a different cue reinforced (CS + Stranger). Children were then exposed to all cues (no shocks were delivered) while skin conductance responses (SCR) were recorded. Children exhibited higher SCR to the CS + Parent and CS + Stranger relative to the CS −. Physiological synchronization between the child’s SCR during observational learning and the parent’s SCR during the actual process of fear conditioning predicted higher SCR for the child to the CS + Parent. Our data suggest that children acquire fear vicariously and this can be measured physiologically. These data lay the foundation to examine observational fear learning mechanisms that might contribute to fear and anxiety disorders transmission in clinically affected families.

Secondary extinction reduces reinstatement of threat expectancy and conditioned skin conductance responses in human fear conditioning

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 ◽  
pp. 103-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaëtan Mertens ◽  
Arne Leer ◽  
Eva Anna Maria van Dis ◽  
Lotte Vermeer ◽  
Anne Steenhuizen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fear Conditioning ◽  
Skin Conductance ◽  
Skin Conductance Responses ◽  
Secondary Extinction

scholarly journals The click is not the trick: the efficacy of clickers and other reinforcement methods in training naïve dogs to perform new tasks

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e10881
Author(s):  
Rachel J. Gilchrist ◽  
Lisa M. Gunter ◽  
Samantha F. Anderson ◽  
Clive D.L. Wynne
Keyword(s):  
Positive Reinforcement ◽  
Task Difficulty ◽  
Verbal Stimulus ◽  
Primary Reinforcement ◽  
The Other ◽  
Secondary Reinforcer ◽  
Superior Efficacy ◽  
Primary Reinforcer ◽  
Novel Behavior ◽  
Training Success

Background A handheld metal noisemaker known as a “clicker” is widely used to train new behaviors in dogs; however, evidence for their superior efficacy compared to providing solely primary reinforcement or other secondary reinforcers in the acquisition of novel behavior in dogs is largely anecdotal. Methods Three experiments were conducted to determine under what circumstances a clicker secondary reinforcer may result in acquisition of a novel behavior more rapidly or to a higher level compared to other readily available reinforcement methods. In Experiment 1, three groups of 30 dogs each were shaped to emit a novel sit and stay behavior of increasing duration with either the delivery of food alone, a verbal stimulus paired with food, or a clicker with food. The group that received only a primary reinforcer reached a significantly higher criterion of training success than the group trained with a verbal secondary reinforcer. Performance of the group experiencing a clicker as a secondary reinforcer was intermediate between the other two groups, but not significantly different from either. In Experiment 2, three groups of 25 dogs each were shaped to emit a nose targeting behavior and then perform that behavior at increasing distances from the experimenter using the same three methods of positive reinforcement as in Experiment 1. No statistically significant differences between the groups were found. In Experiment 3, three groups of 30 dogs each were shaped to emit a nose-targeting behavior upon an array of wooden blocks with task difficulty increasing throughout testing using the same three methods of positive reinforcement as previously tested. No statistically significant differences between the groups were found. Results Overall, the findings suggest that both primary reinforcement alone as well as a verbal or clicker secondary reinforcer can be used successfully in training a dog to perform a novel behavior, but that no positive reinforcement method demonstrated significantly greater efficacy than any other.

scholarly journals Skin Conductance Responses and Neural Activations During Fear Conditioning and Extinction Recall Across Anxiety Disorders

2017 ◽  
Vol 74 (6) ◽  
pp. 622 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie-France Marin ◽  
Rachel G. Zsido ◽  
Huijin Song ◽  
Natasha B. Lasko ◽  
William D. S. Killgore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Fear Conditioning ◽  
Skin Conductance ◽  
Skin Conductance Responses

scholarly journals Discriminative Fear Learners are Resilient to Temporal Distortions during Threat Anticipation

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica I. Lake ◽  
Warren H. Meck ◽  
Kevin S. LaBar
Keyword(s):  
Fear Conditioning ◽  
Fear Learning ◽  
Ordinal Comparison ◽  
Timing Task ◽  
Skin Conductance Responses ◽  
Experience Of Time ◽  
Irrelevant Distractors ◽  
Task Irrelevant ◽  
Attentional Models ◽  
Discriminative Fear Conditioning

Discriminative fear conditioning requires learning to dissociate between safety cues and cues that predict negative outcomes yet little is known about what processes contribute to discriminative fear learning. According to attentional models of time perception, processes that distract from timing result in temporal underestimation. If discriminative fear learning only requires learning what cues predict what outcomes, and threatening stimuli distract attention from timing, then better discriminative fear learning should predict greater temporal distortion on threat trials. Alternatively, if discriminative fear learning also reflects a more accurate perceptual experience of time in threatening contexts, discriminative fear learning scores would predict less temporal distortion on threat trials, as time is perceived more veridically. Healthy young adults completed discriminative fear conditioning in which they learned to associate one stimulus (CS+) with aversive electrical stimulation and another stimulus (CS−) with non-aversive tactile stimulation and then an ordinal-comparison timing task during which CSs were presented as task-irrelevant distractors. Consistent with predictions, we found an overall temporal underestimation bias on CS+ relative to CS− trials. Differential skin conductance responses to the CS+ versus the CS− during conditioning served as a physiological index of discriminative fear conditioning and this measure predicted the magnitude of the underestimation bias, such that individuals exhibiting greater discriminative fear conditioning showed less underestimation on CS+ versus CS− trials. These results are discussed with respect to the nature of discriminative fear learning and the relationship between temporal distortions and maladaptive threat processing in anxiety.

The role of Anxiety Sensitivity in fear conditioning: a moderation effect

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bianca Gerardo ◽  
Raquel Nunes R. M. Guiomar ◽  
Mariana Moura-Ramos ◽  
Ana Ganho-Ávila
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Fear Conditioning ◽  
Skin Conductance ◽  
Anxiety Sensitivity ◽  
Conditioned Fear ◽  
Moderation Effect ◽  
Skin Conductance Responses ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

Anxiety sensitivity (AS; the degree of fear of experiencing or imagining experiencing anxiety symptoms and its possible consequences) is associated with expression of conditioned fear responses. However, findings regarding the relationship between AS and fear acquisition indexed by skin conductance responses are rather conflicting. Here we aim to clarify this interaction. We classified 144 women that underwent fear conditioning procedures as either high-AS or low-AS. We found that high-AS participants show one of two patterns maintained over time: poor stimuli discrimination or good stimuli discrimination. This suggests that different patterns of fear acquisition potentially support the distinction between anxiety disorders.

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