Estimation of Time and the Subclassification of Schizophrenic Disorders

Estimation of short time intervals by 60 healthy subjects, 50 patients with schizophrenic disorders, and 8 with schizotypal personality disorders, was investigated using the three different methods, adjusting a metronome, verbal estimation, and operative estimation (production). The schizophrenic patients tended to over-estimate time with all three methods. Over-estimation was also found when longer intervals were studied. Patients with different types of schizophrenic disorders, classified according to DSM-III criteria, over-estimated time about the same; no significant differences were found. Different courses of schizophrenia were also studied. Patients in remission over-estimated time to the same extent as chronic patients; the subchronic patients probably over-estimated less. Schizotypal personality disorders did not seem to be associated with a tendency to over-estimate short time intervals. The results were discussed in the context of perceptual disturbances in schizophrenic disorders.

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Time Estimation by Healthy Subjects and Schizophrenic Patients: A Methodological Study

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.2466/pms.1983.56.3.983 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 56 (3) ◽

pp. 983-988 ◽

Cited By ~ 36

Author(s):

Lennart Tysk

Keyword(s):

Pulse Rate ◽

Healthy Subjects ◽

Time Estimation ◽

Time Interval ◽

Oral Temperature ◽

Methodological Study ◽

Time Intervals ◽

Verbal Estimation ◽

Schizophrenic Patients ◽

Short Time

Three different methods were used to investigate the perception of short time intervals by 60 healthy subjects and a pilot group of 15 schizophrenic patients. The usefulness of metronome adjustment, verbal estimation, and operative estimation was evaluated. Estimation of longer time intervals was also studied. The influence of age, sex, oral temperature, and pulse rate was assessed. Earlier findings that schizophrenic subjects tend to overestimate short time intervals were supported by data from all three methods. Operative estimation—the subject's production of a requested time interval—could possibly best discriminate between the two groups. Estimation of longer time intervals did not differ significantly for the two groups.

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Design and interpretation of cell trajectory assays

Journal of The Royal Society Interface ◽

10.1098/rsif.2013.0630 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 10 (88) ◽

pp. 20130630 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Lucie G. Bowden ◽

Matthew J. Simpson ◽

Ruth E. Baker

Keyword(s):

Cell Biology ◽

Time Interval ◽

Short Time Interval ◽

Trajectory Data ◽

Time Intervals ◽

Different Types ◽

Long Time ◽

A Cell ◽

Cell Trajectory ◽

Short Time

Cell trajectory data are often reported in the experimental cell biology literature to distinguish between different types of cell migration. Unfortunately, there is no accepted protocol for designing or interpreting such experiments and this makes it difficult to quantitatively compare different published datasets and to understand how changes in experimental design influence our ability to interpret different experiments. Here, we use an individual-based mathematical model to simulate the key features of a cell trajectory experiment. This shows that our ability to correctly interpret trajectory data is extremely sensitive to the geometry and timing of the experiment, the degree of motility bias and the number of experimental replicates. We show that cell trajectory experiments produce data that are most reliable when the experiment is performed in a quasi-one-dimensional geometry with a large number of identically prepared experiments conducted over a relatively short time-interval rather than a few trajectories recorded over particularly long time-intervals.

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Increased automatic spreading activation in healthy subjects with elevated scores in a scale assessing schizophrenic language disturbances

Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1017/s0033291798007831 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 29 (1) ◽

pp. 161-170 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

S. MORITZ ◽

B. ANDRESEN ◽

F. DOMIN ◽

T. MARTIN ◽

E. PROBSTHEIN ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Risk ◽

Semantic Priming ◽

Healthy Subjects ◽

Spreading Activation ◽

Personality Questionnaire ◽

Priming Effects ◽

Schizotypal Personality ◽

Risk Approach ◽

Schizophrenic Patients ◽

Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire

Background. Previous studies on semantic priming have suggested that schizophrenic patients with language disturbances demonstrate enhanced semantic and indirect semantic priming effects relative to controls. However, the interpretation of semantic priming studies in schizophrenic patients is obscured by methological problems and several artefacts (such as length of illness). We, therefore, used a psychometric high-risk approach to test whether healthy subjects reporting language disturbances resembling those of schizophrenics (as measured by the Frankfurt Complaint Questionnaire subscale ‘language’) display increased priming effects. In addition, the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire was used to cover symptoms of schizotypal personality. Enhanced priming was expected to occur under conditions favouring automatic processes.Methods. One hundred and sixty healthy subjects performed a lexical decision semantic priming task containing two different stimulus onset asynchronicities (200 ms and 700 ms) with two experimental conditions (semantic priming and indirect semantic priming) each.Results. Analyses of variance revealed that the Frankfurt Complaint Questionnaire-‘language’ high scorers significantly differed from low scorers in three of the four priming conditions indicating increased automatic spreading activation. No significant results were obtained for the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire total and subscales scores.Conclusions. In line with Maher and Spitzer it is suggested that increased automatic spreading activation underlies schizophrenia-typical language disturbances which in our study cannot be attributed to confounding variables such as different reaction time baselines, medication or length of illness. Finally, results confirm that the psychometric high-risk approach is an important tool for investigating issues relevant to schizophrenia.

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Longitudinal Changes in Time Estimation in Affective Disorders: A Preliminary Study

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.2466/pms.1985.60.1.179 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 60 (1) ◽

pp. 179-188 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Lennart Tysk

Keyword(s):

Affective Disorders ◽

Rating Scale ◽

Time Estimation ◽

Repeated Measurements ◽

Clinical State ◽

Time Intervals ◽

Verbal Estimation ◽

Preliminary Study ◽

Short Time ◽

Manic Patients

8 patients with hospital diagnoses of major affective disorder were studied by repeated measurements of time estimation using the three different methods of metronome adjustment, verbal estimation and operative estimation (production) of short time intervals. Retrospective estimations of longer intervals were also studied. The diagnoses were evaluated according to DSM III criteria. The degree of mental disturbance was rated with subscales of the Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale. Earlier findings had indicated that manic patients tend to overestimate short time intervals and that some depressed patients underestimated time, but some investigators have reported different results. A longitudinal study could possibly support the earlier findings if the time estimations should vary with the clinical states of the patients. Such a variation was suggested by the results of 5 of the 8 patients. In several cases there were statistically significant correlations between the results of time estimations and the rating scores. This partly supports earlier findings. Associations between time estimations and changes in clinical state seem to be present in some cases of major affective disorders. Operative estimations were best correlated with ratings in most cases.

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Time Perception and Affective Disorders

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.2466/pms.1984.58.2.455 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 58 (2) ◽

pp. 455-464 ◽

Cited By ~ 36

Author(s):

Lennart Tysk

Keyword(s):

Major Depression ◽

Time Perception ◽

Affective Disorders ◽

Bipolar Depression ◽

Bipolar Disorders ◽

Subjective Feeling ◽

Time Intervals ◽

Verbal Estimation ◽

Patient Groups ◽

Short Time

The estimation of short-time intervals by 60 control subjects and 56 patients with affective disorders was investigated using the three different methods of metronome adjustment, verbal estimation, and operative estimation (production). The patients were diagnosed according to DSM-III criteria. A group with major depression with melancholia (9), and another group with bipolar depression (8), tended to under-estimate time to about the same extent. A group with manic or hypomanic disorders (11) tended to over-estimate. Patients with major depression without melancholia (9), bipolar disorders in remission (9), and dysthymic disorders (10), had no decided tendencies to under- or over-estimate short time intervals. The estimation of longer intervals (5–10 min.) was not significantly altered in the patient groups. The results are discussed in the context of earlier investigations, which mainly have yielded no changes in ability to estimate time intervals despite a subjective feeling that time is passing slowly or quickly in affective disorders.

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Construction of Master Recession Curve Using Genetic Algorithms

Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics ◽

10.2478/v10098-012-0001-8 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 60 (1) ◽

pp. 3-15 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Miloš Gregor ◽

Peter Malík

Keyword(s):

Time Series ◽

Genetic Algorithms ◽

Measured Data ◽

Time Intervals ◽

Short Time Series ◽

Recession Curve ◽

Natural Time ◽

Master Recession Curve ◽

Different Types ◽

Short Time

Construction of Master Recession Curve Using Genetic Algorithms The article describes a new methodology of using genetic algorithms to assemble a natural time series of discharge recession, from which a master recession curve can be interpreted both for streams and for springs. Presented approach can avoid obstacles such as limited time-series datasets, incomplete recessions or too many recessionary segments in many recession series, different time intervals of observations (daily or weekly frequencies). Short time-series intervals, imprecise or mistaken measurements and different types of datasets (averaged or directly measured data) are taken into account as well. Even rough measurements of discharges with inaccurate sensing range can be analysed, if sufficiently long observation is available. Complicated hydrograph shapes in the case of e.g. karstic springs (often caused by combination of laminar and turbulent discharge sub-regimes due to karst network settings) can be processed as well. Subsequent construction of master recession curve is much easier an offers better conditions for its interpretation. Presented algorithm was already implemented to a programme solution, completed on the user form.

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Deglutitive inhibition affects both esophageal peristaltic amplitude and shortening

AJP Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpgi.00311.2002 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 284 (4) ◽

pp. G575-G582 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Guoxiang Shi ◽

John E. Pandolfino ◽

Qing Zhang ◽

Ikuo Hirano ◽

Raymond J. Joehl ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Healthy Subjects ◽

Longitudinal Muscle ◽

Short Interval ◽

Circular Muscle ◽

Distal Segment ◽

Esophageal Wall ◽

Strongly Correlated ◽

Time Intervals ◽

Rapid Sequence ◽

Short Time

Deglutitive inhibition attenuates ongoing esophageal contractions if swallows are separated by short time intervals. This study aimed to determine whether esophageal shortening, mediated by longitudinal muscle, was similarly affected. Eight healthy subjects with two distal esophageal segments demarcated by mucosal clips and manometric recording sites positioned within those segments underwent concurrent manometry and fluoroscopy. Peristaltic amplitude and change in distal segment lengths were quantified during single swallows, paired swallows separated by progressively prolonged intervals, and a series of rapid repetitive swallows. During grouped swallows, deglutitive inhibition with complete attenuation of both the manometric contraction and segment shortening was evident with short-interval swallows and rapid-sequence swallows. No inhibition of either was evident with long-interval pairs. With intermediate interswallow intervals, the occurrence and degree of deglutitive inhibition between peristaltic amplitude and segment shortening were closely correlated. Deglutitive inhibition affects both the longitudinal and circular muscle layers of the esophageal wall, and the occurrence of inhibition evident in one layer is strongly correlated with the other.

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