Taste Aversion in Albino Rats Using Centrifugal Spin as an Unconditioned Stimulus

1973 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 467-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sam L. Hutchison
Keyword(s):  
Conditioned Stimulus ◽  
Unconditioned Stimulus ◽  
Taste Aversion ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Conditioned Aversion ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Centrifugal Spinning

3 experimental and 3 control albino rats were run under a 2-bottle, taste-aversion paradigm which used a lemonade solution as the conditioned stimulus and centrifugal spinning as the unconditioned stimulus. Conditioning was observed after the second pairing of conditioned and unconditioned stimuli. Support for the hypothesis that conditioning is facilitated by a preference for the conditioned stimulus was found. It was observed that as long as tap water was preferred to the conditioned stimulus solution the conditioned aversion did not appear.

scholarly journals Extinction of Running-Based Taste Aversion in Rats(Rattus norvegicus)

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sadahiko Nakajima
Keyword(s):  
Conditioned Stimulus ◽  
Unconditioned Stimulus ◽  
Taste Aversion ◽  
Pavlovian Conditioning ◽  
Rattus Norvegicus ◽  
Saccharin Solution ◽  
Spontaneous Recovery ◽  
Wheel Running ◽  
Conditioned Aversion ◽  
Within Subjects

Wheel running establishes conditioned aversion in rats to a taste solution consumed shortly prior to the running. Many studies have shown that this is a case of Pavlovian conditioning, in which the taste and running respectively act as the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditioned stimulus (US), but extinction of this running-based taste aversion has not been explicitly demonstrated. Experiment 1, using a within-subjects design, showed that saccharin aversion formerly established by a single pairing of an exposure to saccharin solution with a running opportunity was extinguished by two daily exposures to the saccharin solution. However, there was no spontaneous recovery from extinction in the tests which were administered 6 and 27 days after the extinction days. Experiment 2, using a between-groups design, successfully demonstrated extinction and spontaneous recovery of running-ba

Extended Lowered Body Temperature Increases the Effective CS-US Interval in Conditioned Taste Aversion for Adult Rats

2002 ◽  
Vol 90 (3) ◽  
pp. 800-802 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles F. Hinderliter ◽  
Mark Goodhart ◽  
Matthew J. Anderson ◽  
James R. Misanin
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Conditioned Stimulus ◽  
Unconditioned Stimulus ◽  
Taste Aversion ◽  
Conditioned Taste Aversion ◽  
Trace Conditioning ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Warming Rate ◽  
Lowered Body

Assuming body temperature correlates with metabolic activities, rate of body temperature recovery was manipulated to assess effects on long-trace conditioning in a conditioned taste-aversion paradigm. Following 10 min. access to a .1% saccharin solution and then 10 min. immersion in 0–0.5° C water, two groups of 16 Wistar-derived, 81–113 day-old, male albino rats received either saline or lithium chloride injections 3 hr. later. These two groups were subdivided on basis of warming rate during the 3-hr. inrerval. Half of the rats recovered at room temperature (20° to 21° C), and half recovered in an incubator maintained at 30° C. Maintaining a lowered body temperature between the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus allowed an association to be made at 3 hr., an interval that normally does not support conditioning. In contrast, lowering body temperature and then inducing a fast warming rate did not produce evidence of an aversion. It is suggested that maintaining a low body temperature over the interval between the presentation of the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus slows a metabolic clock that extends the measured interval at which associations can be made using conditioned taste-aversion procedures.

scholarly journals No Evaluative Conditioning Effects with Briefly Presented Stimuli

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tobias Heycke ◽  
Christoph Stahl
Keyword(s):  
Conditioned Stimulus ◽  
Unconditioned Stimulus ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Neutral Stimulus ◽  
Evaluative Conditioning ◽  
Visual Modality ◽  
Contingency Awareness ◽  
The Us

Evaluative Conditioning (EC) changes the preference towards a formerly neutral stimulus (Conditioned Stimulus; CS), by pairing it with a valent stimulus (Unconditioned Stimulus; US), in the direction of the valence of the US. When the CS is presented subliminally (i.e., too briefly to be consciously perceived), contingency awareness between CS and US can be ruled out. Hence, EC effects with subliminal CSs would support theories claiming that contingency awareness is not necessary for EC effects to occur. Recent studies reported the absence of EC with briefly presented CSs when both CS and US were presented in the visual modality, even though the CSs were identified at above-chance levels. Challenging this finding, Heycke and colleagues (2017) found some evidence for an EC effect with briefly presented visual stimuli in a cross-modal paradigm with auditory USs, but that study did not assess CS visibility. The present study attempted to replicate this EC effect with different stimuli and a CS visibility check. Overall EC for briefly presented stimuli was absent, and results from the visibility check show that an EC effect with briefly presented CSs was only found, when the CSs were identified at above-chance levels.

Exploring the Contextual Renewal of Conditioned Attitudes After Counterconditioning

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 287-323
Author(s):  
Bertram Gawronski ◽  
Skylar M. Brannon ◽  
Katarina Blask ◽  
Eva Walther
Keyword(s):  
Conditioned Stimulus ◽  
Boundary Conditions ◽  
Unconditioned Stimulus ◽  
Attitude Change ◽  
Evaluative Conditioning ◽  
Verbal Information

Research on contextualized attitude change suggests that, even when coun-terattitudinal information effectively influences evaluations in the context in which this information was learned, previously formed attitudes sometimes continue to determine evaluations in any other context (contextual renewal). Expanding on evidence for contextual renewal in attitude change based on verbal information, five experiments tested the emergence of contextual renewal in evaluative conditioning, involving pairings of a conditioned stimulus with a valenced unconditioned stimulus. Counter to the notion of contextual renewal, counterconditioning changed initially conditioned attitudes to the same extent irrespective of the context. Verbal information presented with the same procedural parameters produced contextual renewal effects only when evaluations were not measured between the formation of initial attitudes and the learning of counterattitudinal information. The results suggest two previously unidentified boundary conditions of contextualized attitude change that need to be reconciled with extant theories of evaluative learning.

Effects of Pentobarbital and Isoflurane on Conditioned Learning after Transient Global Cerebral Ischemia in Rabbits

2000 ◽  
Vol 92 (1) ◽  
pp. 171-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jae Young Kwon ◽  
Andreas Bacher ◽  
Donald J. Deyo ◽  
John F. Disterhoft ◽  
Tatsuo Uchida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Ischemia ◽  
Conditioned Stimulus ◽  
Unconditioned Stimulus ◽  
Conditioned Response ◽  
Global Cerebral Ischemia ◽  
Eyeblink Response ◽  
Trace Interval ◽  
Transient Global Cerebral Ischemia ◽  
Isoflurane Group ◽  
Conditioned Responses

Background The acquisition of a conditioned eyeblink response has been used extensively to study the neurologic substrates of learning and memory. We examined the effects of the anesthetics isoflurane and pentobarbital, or hypothermia (30 degrees C), on the ability of rabbits to acquire an eyeblink conditioned response after 6.5 min of cerebral ischemia. Methods New Zealand white rabbits (n = 48) were randomly assigned to sham, normothermic, hypothermic, isoflurane, or pentobarbital groups. In the normothermic, hypothermic, isoflurane, and pentobarbital groups, 6.5 min of global cerebral ischemia was produced. In animals randomized to the isoflurane and pentobarbital groups, a pattern of burst suppression was achieved on the electroencephalogram before the start of the ischemic episode. Animals in the hypothermia group were cooled to 30 degrees C before ischemia. Seven days after ischemia, eyeblink training was started using an audible tone presented for 100 ms as the conditioned stimulus. The unconditioned stimulus was an air puff directed at the cornea. The delay between the end of conditioned stimulus and the start of the unconditioned stimulus (the trace interval) was 300 ms in duration. A conditioned response was defined as an eyeblink that was initiated during the trace interval. Eighty trials per day and 15 days of training were delivered. Results Neurologic deficits were greatest in the normothermia group, and these animals also had fewer conditioned responses than those in the sham, hypothermia, or pentobarbital groups. Animals in the isoflurane group had an intermediate number of conditioned responses that was not significantly different from the normothermia group. Conclusions This study demonstrates that a brief episode of cerebral ischemia results in the impairment of associative learning. Hypothermia and burst-suppressive doses of pentobarbital were able to improve neurobehavioral outcome as measured by ability to acquire a trace conditioned response.

Effect of LSD-25 in the Rat on Operant Approach to a Visual or Auditory Conditioned Stimulus

1967 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 199-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald F. Caldwell ◽  
Edward F. Domino
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Conditioned Stimulus ◽  
Auditory Stimulus ◽  
Food Reward ◽  
Light Stimulus ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Response Decrement ◽  
Stimulus Modality ◽  
Stimulus Value

Albino rats ( N = 200) required progressively more time per trial to perform a previously learned response to obtain food reward than saline and untreated controls following administration of increasing doses of LSD-25 (100, 200, 400 μg/kg). Ss conditioned to respond to a light stimulus showed more response decrement than animals cued by an auditory stimulus for increasing LSD-25 levels. Within each stimulus modality, a greater response decrement was observed following administration of LSD-25 for the higher intensity stimulus value for all but one treatment group. Results were discussed in relation to reports of sensitization and sensory blockage actions for LSD-25.

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