scholarly journals Extinction of Running-Based Taste Aversion in Rats(Rattus norvegicus)

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sadahiko Nakajima
Keyword(s):  
Conditioned Stimulus ◽  
Unconditioned Stimulus ◽  
Taste Aversion ◽  
Pavlovian Conditioning ◽  
Rattus Norvegicus ◽  
Saccharin Solution ◽  
Spontaneous Recovery ◽  
Wheel Running ◽  
Conditioned Aversion ◽  
Within Subjects

Wheel running establishes conditioned aversion in rats to a taste solution consumed shortly prior to the running. Many studies have shown that this is a case of Pavlovian conditioning, in which the taste and running respectively act as the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditioned stimulus (US), but extinction of this running-based taste aversion has not been explicitly demonstrated. Experiment 1, using a within-subjects design, showed that saccharin aversion formerly established by a single pairing of an exposure to saccharin solution with a running opportunity was extinguished by two daily exposures to the saccharin solution. However, there was no spontaneous recovery from extinction in the tests which were administered 6 and 27 days after the extinction days. Experiment 2, using a between-groups design, successfully demonstrated extinction and spontaneous recovery of running-ba

Taste Aversion in Albino Rats Using Centrifugal Spin as an Unconditioned Stimulus

1973 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 467-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sam L. Hutchison
Keyword(s):  
Conditioned Stimulus ◽  
Unconditioned Stimulus ◽  
Taste Aversion ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Conditioned Aversion ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Centrifugal Spinning

3 experimental and 3 control albino rats were run under a 2-bottle, taste-aversion paradigm which used a lemonade solution as the conditioned stimulus and centrifugal spinning as the unconditioned stimulus. Conditioning was observed after the second pairing of conditioned and unconditioned stimuli. Support for the hypothesis that conditioning is facilitated by a preference for the conditioned stimulus was found. It was observed that as long as tap water was preferred to the conditioned stimulus solution the conditioned aversion did not appear.

scholarly journals Higher-Order Conditioning: What Is Learnt and How it Is Expressed

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert C. Honey ◽  
Dominic M. Dwyer
Keyword(s):  
Conditioned Stimulus ◽  
Unconditioned Stimulus ◽  
Pavlovian Conditioning ◽  
Formal Analysis ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Order Conditioning ◽  
The Us ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Conditioned Responses

Pairing a neutral conditioned stimulus (CS) with a motivationally significant unconditioned stimulus (US) results in the CS coming to elicit conditioned responses (CRs). The widespread significance and translational value of Pavlovian conditioning are increased by the fact that pairing two neutral CSs (A and X) enables conditioning with X to affect behavior to A. There are two traditional informal accounts of such higher-order conditioning, which build on more formal associative analyses of Pavlovian conditioning. But, higher-order conditioning and Pavlovian conditioning have characteristics that are beyond these accounts: Notably, the two are influenced in different ways by the same experimental manipulations, and both generate conditioned responses that do not reflect the US per se. Here, we present a formal analysis that sought to address these characteristics.

scholarly journals Time, Trials, and Extinction

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin Harris ◽  
Benjamin Andrew
Keyword(s):  
Conditioned Stimulus ◽  
Unconditioned Stimulus ◽  
Pavlovian Conditioning ◽  
Total Duration

Four experiments investigated the effect of number of trials and total duration of non-reinforced exposure to the conditioned stimulus (CS) on extinction of Pavlovian conditioning. Rats were first trained in a magazine approach paradigm with multiple CSs, each paired with the unconditioned stimulus (US) on a variable CS-US interval. During subsequent extinction, CSs would differ in the number and length of their extinction trials but would be matched for the total duration of exposure (e.g., one CS would have 20 trials per session with a mean length of 5 s, another CS would have 5 trials per session with a mean length of 20 s). In each case, extinction proceeded more quickly for the CS given more trials per session. Indeed, there was no difference in rate of extinction between CSs that were matched on number of trials but differed on the duration of each trial, indicating that duration of exposure has no effect on extinction. We discuss the implications of these findings for trial-based and time-based theories of conditioning.

scholarly journals Extinction of Pavlovian Conditioning: The Influence of Trial Number and Reinforcement History

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. K. Jonas Chan ◽  
Justin Harris
Keyword(s):  
Conditioned Stimulus ◽  
Unconditioned Stimulus ◽  
Pavlovian Conditioning ◽  
Temporal Relationship ◽  
Partial Reinforcement ◽  
Partial Reinforcement Extinction Effect ◽  
Reinforcement History ◽  
The Us ◽  
Cumulative Duration ◽  
Learning As A Process

Pavlovian conditioning is sensitive to the temporal relationship between conditioned stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (US). This has motivated models that describe learning as a process that continuously updates associative strength during the trial or specifically encodes the CS-US interval. These models predict that extinction of responding is also continuous, such that response loss is proportional to the cumulative duration of exposure to the CS without the US. We review evidence showing that this prediction is incorrect, and that extinction is trial-based rather than time-based. We also present two experiments that test the importance of trials versus time on the Partial Reinforcement Extinction Effect (PREE), in which responding extinguishes more slowly for a CS that was inconsistently reinforced with the US than for a consistently reinforced one. We show that increasing the number of extinction trials of the partially reinforced CS, relative to the consistently reinforced CS, overcomes the PREE. However, increasing the duration of extinction trials by the same amount does not overcome the PREE. We conclude that animals learn about the likelihood of the US per trial during conditioning, and learn trial-by-trial about the absence of the US during extinction. Moreover, what they learn about the likelihood of the US during conditioning affects how sensitive they are to the absence of the US during extinction.

The development and present status of the SOP model of associative learning

2018 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 346-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edgar H Vogel ◽  
Fernando P Ponce ◽  
Allan R Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Conditioned Stimulus ◽  
Unconditioned Stimulus ◽  
Associative Learning ◽  
Pavlovian Conditioning ◽  
Present Status ◽  
Original Form ◽  
Opponent Processes

The Sometimes Opponent Processes (SOP) model in its original form was especially calculated to address how expected unconditioned stimulus (US) and conditioned stimulus (CS) are rendered less effective than their novel counterparts in Pavlovian conditioning. Its several elaborations embracing the essential notion have extended the scope of the model to integrate a much greater number of phenomena of Pavlovian conditioning. Here, we trace the development of the model and add further thoughts about its extension and refinement.

Inhibition and Superconditioning

2002 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 454-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben A. Williams ◽  
Margaret A. McDevitt
Keyword(s):  
Conditioned Stimulus ◽  
Unconditioned Stimulus ◽  
Conditioned Inhibitor ◽  
Autoshaping Procedure ◽  
The Us ◽  
Within Subjects

Superconditioning is said to occur when learning an association between a conditioned stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (US) is facilitated by pairing the CS with the US in the presence of a previously established conditioned inhibitor. Previous demonstrations of superconditioning have been criticized because their control conditions have allowed alternative interpretations. Using a within-subjects autoshaping procedure, the present study unambiguously demonstrated superconditioning. The results support the view that superconditioning is the symmetric opposite of blocking.

Extended Lowered Body Temperature Increases the Effective CS-US Interval in Conditioned Taste Aversion for Adult Rats

2002 ◽  
Vol 90 (3) ◽  
pp. 800-802 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles F. Hinderliter ◽  
Mark Goodhart ◽  
Matthew J. Anderson ◽  
James R. Misanin
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Conditioned Stimulus ◽  
Unconditioned Stimulus ◽  
Taste Aversion ◽  
Conditioned Taste Aversion ◽  
Trace Conditioning ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Warming Rate ◽  
Lowered Body

Assuming body temperature correlates with metabolic activities, rate of body temperature recovery was manipulated to assess effects on long-trace conditioning in a conditioned taste-aversion paradigm. Following 10 min. access to a .1% saccharin solution and then 10 min. immersion in 0–0.5° C water, two groups of 16 Wistar-derived, 81–113 day-old, male albino rats received either saline or lithium chloride injections 3 hr. later. These two groups were subdivided on basis of warming rate during the 3-hr. inrerval. Half of the rats recovered at room temperature (20° to 21° C), and half recovered in an incubator maintained at 30° C. Maintaining a lowered body temperature between the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus allowed an association to be made at 3 hr., an interval that normally does not support conditioning. In contrast, lowering body temperature and then inducing a fast warming rate did not produce evidence of an aversion. It is suggested that maintaining a low body temperature over the interval between the presentation of the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus slows a metabolic clock that extends the measured interval at which associations can be made using conditioned taste-aversion procedures.

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