A Brief Measure of Intrinsic Religiosity Used with a Sample of Military Veterans

A brief, three-item measure of intrinsic religiosity adapted from Gorsuch and Venable (1983) was used with over 900 male and female Reserve Component veterans who had been serving in the military during the Persian Gulf War. In general, approximately two-thirds of the veterans indicated agreement or strong agreement with an internal commitment to their religious beliefs. Despite its brevity, the scale demonstrated adequate estimates of internal consistency reliability (alpha = .93). It was also found that the female veterans reported a significantly higher mean on intrinsic religiosity as measured by this scale than did the male veterans.

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Attitudes toward Women in the Military during the Persian Gulf War

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.2466/pms.1994.78.1.99 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 78 (1) ◽

pp. 99-104 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Rose Marie Hurrell ◽

John H. Lukens

Keyword(s):

Social Desirability ◽

Persian Gulf ◽

Sex Role ◽

Internal Consistency Reliability ◽

Gulf War ◽

Persian Gulf War ◽

Attitudes Toward Women ◽

Women In The Military ◽

The Persian Gulf ◽

The Military

This study describes the development of a scale to measure public attitudes toward women in the military (Women in the Military Scale) and reports its use with a sample of 97 college women surveyed during the Persian Gulf war. Analysis indicates that the scale has acceptable internal consistency reliability and is relatively free of social desirability as measured by the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale. A significant positive correlation between scores on the scale and on the Sex-role Ideology Scale suggests support for the validity of the new scale. With regard to the attitudes assessed, the results indicate that subjects tend to favor attitudes endorsing the equivalent capacities of men and women to function in the military. When issues of combat or women's roles as wives and mothers are considered, scores tend to reflect less support for women in the military.

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Understanding Mail Survey Response Rates among Male Reserve Component Gulf War Era Veterans

Psychological Reports ◽

10.2466/pr0.2000.87.3.859 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 87 (3) ◽

pp. 859-880 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Walter R. Schumm ◽

Stephan R. Bollman ◽

Anthony P. Jurich ◽

Carlos Castelo ◽

Diane Sanders ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Military Service ◽

Formal Education ◽

National Guard ◽

Mail Survey ◽

Response Rates ◽

Gulf War ◽

Persian Gulf War ◽

Desert Storm ◽

Male Veterans ◽

The Persian Gulf

In this study of current and former male Reserve and National Guard members from the State of Ohio, it was expected that veterans who were older, had more years of military service, who had participated in the Persian Gulf War, who were Euro-Americans, who were higher in rank, who had higher residential stability in Ohio who belonged to the Air Force, who had higher formal education, and who belong to the National Guard would have a greater investment in U.S. society as defined by 11 demographic variables. It was assumed that those with greater investment in society would more often have valid addresses and would be more likely to respond to a survey on military issues, thereby biasing sample outcomes in those directions. Results for male veterans were consistent with the hypothesis that investment in the society system would predict validity of addresses and response rates. In other words, results supported the idea that those veterans who might be expected to have a greater investment in U.S. society were more likely to be located and to respond (once located) to a survey concerning Desert Storm-era military service and its aftermath. Implications for future Desert Storm research are discussed.

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The Law of Aerial Bombardment in the 1991 Gulf War

The American Journal of International Law ◽

10.2307/3109837 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 97 (3) ◽

pp. 481-509 ◽

Cited By ~ 38

Author(s):

Michael W. Lewis

Keyword(s):

International Law ◽

Gulf War ◽

Persian Gulf War ◽

Thomas Jefferson ◽

Military Force ◽

Legal Analysis ◽

Military Necessity ◽

Contextual Understanding ◽

The Persian Gulf ◽

The Military

I shall often go wrong through defect of judgment. When right, I shall often be thought wrong by those whose positions will not command a view of the whole ground. I ask your indulgence for my own errors, which will never be intentional, and your support against the errors of others, who may condemn what they would not if seen in all its parts.—Thomas JeffersonOn August 2,1990, Iraqi forces invaded and occupied Kuwait, beginning a seven-monthlong series of events that would come to be known as the Persian Gulf war. Perhaps the most thoroughly examined of these events was the thirty-eight-day air campaign, which began on January 17,1991, and marked the beginning of the offensive by the coalition of states arrayed against Iraq, which ended after the latter’s withdrawal from Kuwait. Much has been written about the air campaign and its objectives, its implications for the future use of military force, and the extent to which it conformed to international law. Although this article will focus on the last of these topics, a contextual understanding of the air campaign is essential to a serious consideration of the military necessity and proportionality issues that lie at the heart of the legal analysis.

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Self-Reported Changes in Subjective Health and Anthrax Vaccination as Reported by over 900 Persian Gulf War Era Veterans

Psychological Reports ◽

10.2466/pr0.2002.90.2.639 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 90 (2) ◽

pp. 639-653 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Walter R. Schumm ◽

Earl J. Reppert ◽

Anthony P. Jurich ◽

Stephan R. Bollman ◽

Farrell J. Webb ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Subjective Health ◽

Gulf War ◽

Persian Gulf War ◽

Female Veterans ◽

War Veterans ◽

Anthrax Vaccine ◽

Gulf War Veterans ◽

Significant Relationships ◽

Male Veterans

A 1999 study of United Kingdom servicemembers by Unwin, et al. recently found significant relationships between anthrax and other vaccinations, reactions to those vaccines, and later health problems for male current or former active military Gulf War veterans. Likewise, in 2000 Steele and in 1998 Gilroy found possible adverse effects of vaccinations on Gulf War veterans. However, the role of such vaccinations remains controversial; more recent government reports continue to dispute the existence of any data that might reflect adversely on the role of vaccinations on the health of Gulf War veterans. To address this controversy, the current study assessed similar relationships for over 900 Reserve Component Gulf War Era veterans from Ohio and nearby states. Gulf War veterans were more likely to report poorer health than non-Gulf veterans. Female veterans were more likely to report mild or severe reactions to vaccines than male veterans. Those veterans who received anthrax vaccine reported more reactions to vaccines than those who did not receive anthrax vaccine. Declines in long-term subjective health were associated with receipt of anthrax vaccine by Gulf War veterans but not for those who did not deploy to the Gulf, although few of the latter received anthrax vaccine. Regardless of deployment status, veterans who reported more severe reactions to vaccines were more likely to report declines in subjective health. Female veterans reported poorer health during the Gulf War than did male veterans, but sex was not related to veterans' reports of subjective health at subsequent times. It is recommended that servicemembers who experience severe reactions to anthrax vaccine be medically reevaluated before receiving further anthrax vaccine and that careful follow-ups be conducted of those receiving the vaccine currently, in accordance with Nass's 1999 recommendations. We also recommend that safer alternatives to thimerosal (a mercury sodium salt, 50% mercury) be used to preserve all vaccines.

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Neurobehavioral deficits in Persian Gulf veterans: Evidence from a population-based study

Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society ◽

10.1017/s1355617799533031 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 203-212 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

W. KENT ANGER ◽

DANIEL STORZBACH ◽

LAURENCE M. BINDER ◽

KEITH A. CAMPBELL ◽

DIANE S. ROHLMAN ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Persian Gulf ◽

Military Veterans ◽

Response Speed ◽

Population Based ◽

Gulf War ◽

Persian Gulf War ◽

Psychological Tests ◽

Population Based Study ◽

The Persian Gulf ◽

Neurobehavioral Deficits

Reports of low-concentration nerve gas exposures during the Persian Gulf War have spurred concern about possible health consequences and refocused interest on the symptoms reported by many returning military veterans. The Portland Environmental Hazards Research Center is studying veterans from the Northwest USA who report persistent, unexplained “Persian Gulf” symptoms (cases) or who do not report those symptoms (controls). Of the first 101 veterans studied, cases differed substantially from controls on a broad range of psychological tests indicative of increased distress. A subgroup of cases was identified with objective deficits on neurobehavioral tests of memory, attention, and response speed. (JINS, 1999, 5, 203–212.)

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