Insights into the perspective correlation between vitamin D and regulation of hormones: sex hormones and prolactin

Abstract Aim. Vitamin D is currently an exciting research target, besides its obvious role in calcium homeostasis and bone health, enormous work is being directed at examining the effects of this vitamin on various biological functions and pathological conditions. Material and methods. The review of the literature and the analysis took about six months and was carried out through PubMed. This is a search engine opening mainly the MEDLINE database of trusted references. We called up all studies written in English that were published between the years 2004 to 2021 and that came through using the applied search terms, and analysed all those that met the criteria. Results. The endocrine system with its many glands and hormones and their essential roles in the maintenance of normal body functioning cannot be far from interactions with vitamin D. Male and female sex hormones are no exceptions and many studies have investigated the correlations between these hormones and vitamin D. As such, direct and indirect relationships have been found between vitamin D, its receptors or one of its metabolising enzymes with sex hormones and the development of reproductive organs in males and females. Conclusion. This review summarises the research investigating the associations of vitamin D with sex hormones and reproductive organs in males and females, and thus may pave the road for future studies that will investigate the clinical significance of vitamin D in the management of reproductive system disorders. Despite some conflicting results about the relationship between VD and the effectiveness of the reproductive system, many studies confirm the presence of receptors for this vitamin in the reproductive system, and this supports the direct or indirect relationship between VD and prolactin or VD and testosterone through PO4 and Ca2+ homeostasis, or production of osteocalcin. Therefore, VD is positively associated with semen quality and androgen status. Furthermore, a direct relationship between VD and the production of progesterone, estrogen and estrone in human ovarian cells has been supported by many studies.

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Human Adult Reproductive System

10.2310/im.2245 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Patrick Guthrie ◽

Johanna Von Hofe ◽

Rachael B Lancaster

Keyword(s):

Reproductive System ◽

Endocrine System ◽

Reproductive Organs ◽

Anatomy And Physiology ◽

Human Reproductive ◽

Reproductive Anatomy ◽

Males And Females ◽

And Function ◽

Pituitary Adrenal Axis ◽

Physiologic System

The human reproductive system is a unique combination of organs and endocrine components that is extremely complex and adaptive. The reproductive organs are distinct between males and females, and sexual differentiation is a result of genotype, gonadal type, and phenotype. The anatomic and physiologic system of each sex is composed with a set purpose: to propagate the human species. Linked closely to the reproductive system is the endocrine system, which provides the messengers and feedback mechanisms that allow the development, maintenance, and function of the reproductive organs. The gonads have both endocrine and exocrine functions, namely steroidogenesis and gametogenesis. This review focuses on the components of the endocrine system as well as male and female anatomy and physiology to fully grasp the human reproductive system. Key words: fertility, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, reproductive anatomy, sexual aging, sexual physiology

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Human Adult Reproductive System

DeckerMed Surgery ◽

10.2310/surg.2245 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Patrick Guthrie ◽

Johanna Von Hofe ◽

Rachael B Lancaster

Keyword(s):

Reproductive System ◽

Endocrine System ◽

Reproductive Organs ◽

Anatomy And Physiology ◽

Human Reproductive ◽

Reproductive Anatomy ◽

Males And Females ◽

And Function ◽

Pituitary Adrenal Axis ◽

Physiologic System

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Peculiarities of the course of the menopausal period in women with endocrine system diseases

Journal of obstetrics and women s diseases ◽

10.17816/jowd88694 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 48 (1) ◽

pp. 101-107

Author(s):

G. A. Melnichenko ◽

Yu. V. Kathuria ◽

T. E. Chazova ◽

T. Yu. Berketova ◽

V. V. Fadeev ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Life Expectancy ◽

Postmenopausal Women ◽

Sex Hormones ◽

Endocrine System ◽

Clear Trend ◽

Endocrine System Diseases ◽

Female Sex ◽

Female Sex Hormones ◽

Global Population ◽

Regions Of Russia

In recent decades, there has been a clear trend towards an increase in the life expectancy of the population. In the 1990s it reached 78.9 years for women. The global population of postmenopausal women today is 10%. According to WHO projections 46% of women are expected to be over 45 years old by 2015. The age of menopause remains fairly stable and in different regions of Russia is 49-50 years. Consequently, a woman spends more than a third of her life in a state of deficiency of female sex hormones.

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Androgen and Estrogen Shifts in Men Before and After Bariatric Surgery and Links to Vitamins and Trace Elements

International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research ◽

10.1024/0300-9831/a000295 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 86 (5-6) ◽

pp. 198-241 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Alberto Rosenblatt ◽

Joel Faintuch ◽

Ivan Cecconello

Keyword(s):

Bariatric Surgery ◽

Vitamin D ◽

Sex Hormones ◽

Semen Quality ◽

Essential Element ◽

Reproductive Function ◽

Sexual Life ◽

Hormone Production ◽

Skeletal Health ◽

Before And After

Abstract. Androgens and estrogens play a key role regarding sexual life and reproduction. Along with hypotestosteronemia, obese men exhibit a 2-fold increase in estradiol concentration, adversely infl uencing these parameters. Estrogens and adipokines also infl uence bone metabolism, exerting a direct effect on vitamin D, calcium homeostasis and bone health. Bariatric procedures normalize some sex hormones, and may reverse several obesity-related conditions. Estrogens levels may remain elevated postoperatively, and despite its protective effect on the skeleton, bariatric patients are more prone to fractures when compared to the general population. Multiple nutritional defi cits are common after bariatric interventions, and hypozincemia is the most likely to negatively infl uence reproductive parameters. Zinc is an essential element for normal spermatogenesis, and severe hypozincemia is associated with infertility in both sexes. Vitamin D also acts as a regulator of several enzymes involved in steroid hormone production, and its defi ciency could impair reproductive function. Few studies have addressed changes in sex hormones and in reproductive function in the male bariatric population, as they represent a minority of surgical candidates. Although obesity rates and burden are similar for both sexes, society is more lenient with the obese male. Moreover, 73 % of overweight/obese men are satisfi ed with their health, causing body weight and obesity-related health problems to increase when they opt for bariatric surgery. In the present article, we discuss shifts of sex hormones before and after bariatric surgery, surgery impact on semen quality, skeletal health and nutrients, and new research directions regarding links between vitamin D, zinc, androgens and reproduction.

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Association of serum vitamin D with sex hormones and semen quality

10.26226/morressier.573c1511d462b80296c981d4 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Azam Kouhkan

Keyword(s):

Vitamin D ◽

Sex Hormones ◽

Semen Quality ◽

Serum Vitamin ◽

Serum Vitamin D

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Beneficial and Deleterious Effects of Female Sex Hormones, Oral Contraceptives, and Phytoestrogens by Immunomodulation on the Liver

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms20194694 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 20 (19) ◽

pp. 4694

Author(s):

Luis E. Soria-Jasso ◽

Raquel Cariño-Cortés ◽

Víctor Manuel Muñoz-Pérez ◽

Elizabeth Pérez-Hernández ◽

Nury Pérez-Hernández ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sex Hormones ◽

Oral Contraceptives ◽

Endocrine System ◽

Sexually Dimorphic ◽

Systemic Immune Response ◽

Physiological Importance ◽

Female Sex ◽

Female Sex Hormones ◽

Liver Functions ◽

Health And Disease

The liver is considered the laboratory of the human body because of its many metabolic processes. It accomplishes diverse activities as a mixed gland and is in continuous cross-talk with the endocrine system. Not only do hormones from the gastrointestinal tract that participate in digestion regulate the liver functions, but the sex hormones also exert a strong influence on this sexually dimorphic organ, via their receptors expressed in liver, in both health and disease. Besides, the liver modifies the actions of sex hormones through their metabolism and transport proteins. Given the anatomical position and physiological importance of liver, this organ is evidenced as an immune vigilante that mediates the systemic immune response, and, in turn, the immune system regulates the hepatic functions. Such feedback is performed by cytokines. Pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines are strongly involved in hepatic homeostasis and in pathological states; indeed, female sex hormones, oral contraceptives, and phytoestrogens have immunomodulatory effects in the liver and the whole organism. To analyze the complex and interesting beneficial or deleterious effects of these drugs by their immunomodulatory actions in the liver can provide the basis for either their pharmacological use in therapeutic treatments or to avoid their intake in some diseases.

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