Human Adult Reproductive System

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Guthrie ◽  
Johanna Von Hofe ◽  
Rachael B Lancaster
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive System ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
Human Reproductive ◽  
Reproductive Anatomy ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
And Function ◽  
Pituitary Adrenal Axis ◽  
Physiologic System

The human reproductive system is a unique combination of organs and endocrine components that is extremely complex and adaptive. The reproductive organs are distinct between males and females, and sexual differentiation is a result of genotype, gonadal type, and phenotype. The anatomic and physiologic system of each sex is composed with a set purpose: to propagate the human species. Linked closely to the reproductive system is the endocrine system, which provides the messengers and feedback mechanisms that allow the development, maintenance, and function of the reproductive organs. The gonads have both endocrine and exocrine functions, namely steroidogenesis and gametogenesis. This review focuses on the components of the endocrine system as well as male and female anatomy and physiology to fully grasp the human reproductive system.  Key words: fertility, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, reproductive anatomy, sexual aging, sexual physiology

Human Adult Reproductive System

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Guthrie ◽  
Johanna Von Hofe ◽  
Rachael B Lancaster
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive System ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
Human Reproductive ◽  
Reproductive Anatomy ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
And Function ◽  
Pituitary Adrenal Axis ◽  
Physiologic System

The human reproductive system is a unique combination of organs and endocrine components that is extremely complex and adaptive. The reproductive organs are distinct between males and females, and sexual differentiation is a result of genotype, gonadal type, and phenotype. The anatomic and physiologic system of each sex is composed with a set purpose: to propagate the human species. Linked closely to the reproductive system is the endocrine system, which provides the messengers and feedback mechanisms that allow the development, maintenance, and function of the reproductive organs. The gonads have both endocrine and exocrine functions, namely steroidogenesis and gametogenesis. This review focuses on the components of the endocrine system as well as male and female anatomy and physiology to fully grasp the human reproductive system.  Key words: fertility, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, reproductive anatomy, sexual aging, sexual physiology

scholarly journals Insights into the perspective correlation between vitamin D and regulation of hormones: sex hormones and prolactin

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohannad E. Qazzaz ◽  
Mohammed N. Abed ◽  
Fawaz A. Alassaf ◽  
Mahmood H. M. Jasim ◽  
Mohanad Alfahad
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Reproductive System ◽  
Semen Quality ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
The Road ◽  
Female Sex Hormones ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Indirect Relationship

Abstract Aim. Vitamin D is currently an exciting research target, besides its obvious role in calcium homeostasis and bone health, enormous work is being directed at examining the effects of this vitamin on various biological functions and pathological conditions. Material and methods. The review of the literature and the analysis took about six months and was carried out through PubMed. This is a search engine opening mainly the MEDLINE database of trusted references. We called up all studies written in English that were published between the years 2004 to 2021 and that came through using the applied search terms, and analysed all those that met the criteria. Results. The endocrine system with its many glands and hormones and their essential roles in the maintenance of normal body functioning cannot be far from interactions with vitamin D. Male and female sex hormones are no exceptions and many studies have investigated the correlations between these hormones and vitamin D. As such, direct and indirect relationships have been found between vitamin D, its receptors or one of its metabolising enzymes with sex hormones and the development of reproductive organs in males and females. Conclusion. This review summarises the research investigating the associations of vitamin D with sex hormones and reproductive organs in males and females, and thus may pave the road for future studies that will investigate the clinical significance of vitamin D in the management of reproductive system disorders. Despite some conflicting results about the relationship between VD and the effectiveness of the reproductive system, many studies confirm the presence of receptors for this vitamin in the reproductive system, and this supports the direct or indirect relationship between VD and prolactin or VD and testosterone through PO4 and Ca2+ homeostasis, or production of osteocalcin. Therefore, VD is positively associated with semen quality and androgen status. Furthermore, a direct relationship between VD and the production of progesterone, estrogen and estrone in human ovarian cells has been supported by many studies.

The Endocrine System: Thyroid and Parathyroid

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha J. Baker ◽  
John R. Porterfield Jr
Keyword(s):  
Venous Blood ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Superior Laryngeal Nerve ◽  
Central Compartment ◽  
Lymphatic Drainage ◽  
Laryngeal Nerve ◽  
Thyroid Disorders ◽  
Hormone Synthesis ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
And Function

In the adult, the thyroid gland is located in the central compartment of the neck on the anterolateral aspect of the cervical trachea between the carotid sheaths. Patients with thyroid disorders require attentive care, and safe, successful surgery of the thyroid is dependent on an intimate knowledge of the anatomy and physiology of the gland. This review discusses nerve branches and function; arterial and venous blood supply; lymphatic drainage; histology; physiology; and thyroid hormone synthesis, secretion, and regulation. Nerve injuries and postoperative complications are summarized, as are functions of thyroid hormones. A thorough understanding of these relationships is imperative for proper medical recommendations, surgical procedure selection, and meticulous surgical technique to avoid complications. To provide safe care of patients with thyroid disorders, treating physicians must embrace the intricate details of the anatomy and physiology of this unique gland to avoid potentially devastating complications. This review contains 5 figures, 3 tables, and 29 references. Key Words: brachial cleft, lymphatic zones, recurrent laryngeal nerve, superior laryngeal nerve, nerve injury, thyroglossal duct cysts, thyroid, thyroidectomy

scholarly journals The Concept of Male Reproductive Anatomy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oyovwi Mega Obukohwo ◽  
Nwangwa Eze Kingsley ◽  
Rotu Arientare Rume ◽  
Emojevwe Victor
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive System ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Prostate Gland ◽  
Ejaculatory Duct ◽  
Seminal Vesicles ◽  
Female Reproductive Tract ◽  
Male Reproductive System ◽  
Male Gametes ◽  
Human Reproductive ◽  
Reproductive Anatomy

The human reproductive system is made up of the primary and secondary organs, which helps to enhances reproduction. The male reproductive system is designed to produce male gametes and convey them to the female reproductive tract through the use of supportive fluids and testosterone synthesis. The paired testis (site of testosterone and sperm generation), scrotum (compartment for testis localisation), epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral gland, ejaculatory duct, urethra, and penis are the parts of the male reproductive system. The auxiliary organs aid in the maturation and transportation of sperm. Semen is made up of sperm and the secretions of the seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands (the ejaculate). Ejaculate is delivered to the female reproduc¬tive tract by the penis and urethra. The anatomy, embryology and functions of the male reproductive system are discussed in this chapter.

The Endocrine System: Thyroid and Parathyroid

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha J. Baker ◽  
John R. Porterfield Jr
Keyword(s):  
Venous Blood ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Superior Laryngeal Nerve ◽  
Central Compartment ◽  
Lymphatic Drainage ◽  
Laryngeal Nerve ◽  
Thyroid Disorders ◽  
Hormone Synthesis ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
And Function

In the adult, the thyroid gland is located in the central compartment of the neck on the anterolateral aspect of the cervical trachea between the carotid sheaths. Patients with thyroid disorders require attentive care, and safe, successful surgery of the thyroid is dependent on an intimate knowledge of the anatomy and physiology of the gland. This review discusses nerve branches and function; arterial and venous blood supply; lymphatic drainage; histology; physiology; and thyroid hormone synthesis, secretion, and regulation. Nerve injuries and postoperative complications are summarized, as are functions of thyroid hormones. A thorough understanding of these relationships is imperative for proper medical recommendations, surgical procedure selection, and meticulous surgical technique to avoid complications. To provide safe care of patients with thyroid disorders, treating physicians must embrace the intricate details of the anatomy and physiology of this unique gland to avoid potentially devastating complications. This review contains 5 figures, 3 tables, and 29 references. Key Words: brachial cleft, lymphatic zones, recurrent laryngeal nerve, superior laryngeal nerve, nerve injury, thyroglossal duct cysts, thyroid, thyroidectomy

The anatomy and physiology of the morabine grasshoppers I. Digestive and reproductive systems

1966 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 31 ◽  
Author(s):  
RE Blackith ◽  
R.M. Blackith
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive System ◽  
Posterior Segment ◽  
Cardiac Valve ◽  
Internal Anatomy ◽  
Reproductive Systems ◽  
Male Accessory Glands ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
Accessory Glands ◽  
Anterior Segments ◽  
And Function

The grasshoppers of the subfamily Morabinae (Orthoptera: Eumastacidae) differ substantially from the better-known Acrididae in their internal anatomy. Two additional sets of diverticula are present on the gut. One set, of taxonomic interest in that some species have 12 diverticula whereas others have 18, issues from the midgut. Another set of six diverticula issues from the ileum and is brightly coloured according to the nature of the food in the gut. The gastric caeca, which in Acrididae have posterior and anterior segments, lack the posterior segment in morabines. The proventriculus differs in structure from the acridid type, having a cardiac valve of two flaps without V-shaped sclerotizations. The pyloric sphincter, however, has 12 V-shaped sclerotizations which are absent in acridids. The male accessory glands are long and generally unconvoluted. They can be classified according to appearance and function into eight distinct types. The female spermatheca is uniformly shaped throughout the Morabinae studied, but is relatively large compared with the spermatheca of acridids, and in morabines is larger than the few known spermathecae of other Eumastacidae. The number of ovarioles in each ovary is small (2-10, according to the species), and the tracheation of the internal reproductive system in both sexes differs considerably from the arrangement found in Acrididae.

scholarly journals The Effects of E-Cigarette Vapor Components on the Morphology and Function of the Male and Female Reproductive Systems: A Systematic Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (17) ◽  
pp. 6152
Author(s):  
Kamila Szumilas ◽  
Paweł Szumilas ◽  
Anna Grzywacz ◽  
Aleksandra Wilk
Keyword(s):  
Animal Studies ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Limited Evidence ◽  
Reproductive Systems ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Quit Smoking ◽  
Hormonal Balance ◽  
Human Reproductive ◽  
And Function ◽  
Female Reproductive Organs

E-cigarettes, a comparatively new phenomenon, are regarded as a safer alternative to conventional cigarettes. They are increasingly popular among adolescents of both sexes, and many smokers use e-cigarettes in their attempts to quit smoking. There is little understanding of the effects of exposure to e-cigarette vapors on human reproductive health, human development, or the functioning of the organs of the male and female reproductive systems. Data on the effects of the exposure were derived mainly from animal studies, and they show that e-cigarettes can affect fertility. Here, we review recent studies on the effects of exposure to e-cigarettes on facets of morphology and function in the male and female reproductive organs. E-cigarettes, even those which are nicotine-free, contain many harmful substances, including endocrine disruptors, which disturb hormonal balance and morphology and the function of the reproductive organs. E-cigarettes cannot be considered a completely healthy alternative to smoking. As is true for smoking, deleterious effects on the human reproductive system from vaping are likely, from the limited evidence to date.

scholarly journals Necroptosis promotes the Aging of the Male Reproductive System in Mice

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dianrong Li ◽  
Lingjun Meng ◽  
Tao Xu ◽  
Yaning Su ◽  
Xiao Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive System ◽  
Accelerated Aging ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Male Reproductive System ◽  
Necrotic Cell Death ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Necrotic Cell ◽  
Age Related ◽  
And Function ◽  
Age Related Changes

AbstractNecroptosis is a form of programmed necrotic cell death in mammals that is mediated by a pair of kinases, RIP1 and RIP3, as well as the RIP3 substrate MLKL. We report here that male reproductive organs of both RIP3-and MLKL-knockout mice retain “youthful” morphology and function into advanced age, while those of age-matched wild type mice deteriorate. The RIP3 phosphorylation of MLKL, the activation marker of necroptosis, is detected in spermatogonial stem cells in the testes of old but not in young wild type mice. When the testes of young wild type mice are given a local necroptotic stimulus, their reproductive organs showed accelerated aging. Feeding of wild type mice with an RIP1 inhibitor prior to the normal onset of age-related changes in their reproductive organs blocked the appearance of signs of aging. Thus, necroptosis in testes promotes the aging-associated deterioration of the male reproductive system in mice.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document