scholarly journals The Determination of Nitric Oxide in Gas Phase Cigarette Smoke by Non-dispersive Infrared Analysis

1980 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
T. B. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Gas Phase ◽  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Relative Error ◽  
Dead Volume ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Infrared Analysis ◽  
Colorimetric Analysis ◽  
Standard Gas

AbstractNitric oxide in cigarette smoke was conveniently determined by non-dispersive infrared analysis (NDIR). Recoveries of 95 % were obtained with standard gas-air mixtures but recoveries from smoke increased from 87% for high-yield to 91 % for low-yield cigarettes. Relative error was about 4 %. A reduction in the dead volume of Cambridge filter cassettes, to reduce the amount of NO reacted between puffs, increased NO deliveries of cigarettes by 4%. Deliveries of NO were estimated to average 4 % lower due to oxidation, but reaction with other smoke components reduced them further depending upon concentrations. The NO deliveries of cigarettes increased as blend nitrate increased and as the flow of air around cigarettes decreased. Nitric oxide in smoke and in standard gas-air mixtures, determined by non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) spectroscopy, was substantiated by an automated colorimetric analysis. Interfering smoke species were determined and circumvented in both methods.

A Simple Silicon Based Nitric Oxide Sensor

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcelo Bariatto ◽  
Rogerio Furlan ◽  
Koiti Arakai ◽  
Jorge J. Santiago-Aviles
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Amperometric Detection ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Sensor Calibration ◽  
Nitric Oxide Sensor ◽  
Sensor Configuration

Abstract Nitric oxide (NO) is known to mediate many beneficial physiology processes, motivating its detection in vivo as well as in vitro. Electrochemical detection provides the required cellular level determination of NO among several other techniques. In this work, electrochemical micro-sensors for both types of detection, in vivo and in vitro, were developed, exploring the silicon planar technology, which presents high yield and reliability and also permits batch fabrication. The developed in vitro sensor features eight detection sites (10 μm × 10 μm microelectrodes), for determination of nitric oxide spatial distribution or multi-species analysis. Different electrochemical methods were applied to provide sensor calibration and chemical reproducibility. For in vivo analysis, the designed structures have a needle shape (40 μm thick) and they were silicon micro-machined by using plasma etching or etch stop techniques. Different configurations were designed and implemented, containing a number of detection microelectrodes that vary from 2 to 10. The amperometric detection of both nitric oxide and nitride (NO2−) — a molecule that causes an interference — were investigated by using the in vitro micro-sensor configuration. The need of a cationic exchanger (Nafion) was demonstrated in order to provide selectivity to NO for low concentrations. Also, the developed sensor has a sensitivity of 500 A/M.cm2 and a detection limit of 10 μM.

scholarly journals Determination of Trace Metals in Cigarette Smoke by Flameless Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

1978 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Perinelli ◽  
N. Carugno
Keyword(s):  
Trace Metals ◽  
Atomic Absorption ◽  
Gas Phase ◽  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Absorption Spectrometry ◽  
Total Particulate Matter ◽  
Flameless Atomic Absorption ◽  
Flameless Atomic Absorption Spectrometry ◽  
Quick Determination

Abstract A flameless atomic absorption method has been developed which permits the quick determination of the levels of trace metals in cigarette smoke. The total particulate matter (TPM) was collected by electrostatic precipitation and dissolved in methanol before analysis. In order to trap the last remaining traces of metals, the gas phase was passed through microporous filters which were analysed direct. The sensitivity of this method for the metals studied (Zn, Pb, Cd, Ni) is good in both the particulate and gas phase samples, with the sole exception of Ni in the gas phase. Results obtained by the flame and flameless methods are compared.

scholarly journals A Trapping System for the Combined Determination of Total HCN and Total Gas Phase Aldehydes in Cigarette Smoke

1973 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
P.F. Collins ◽  
N.M. Sarji ◽  
J.F. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Gas Phase ◽  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Silica Gel ◽  
Single Port ◽  
Particulate Phase ◽  
Combined Procedure ◽  
Relative Standard ◽  
Small Tube

AbstractA procedure for the combined determination of total HCN and total gas phase aldehydes in cigarette smoke has been developed which is practical to use for the analysis of relatively large cigarette samples. The smoking system includes a Cambridge pad for collection of the particulate phase and a small tube of silica gel to trap gas phase components, with 5 cigarettes being smoked through each pad and trap. Following smoking, the Cambridge pad and silica gel trap are extracted; the silica gel extract is used for the determination of total gas phase aldehydes and the combined extracts for HCN analysis. Colourimetric procedures, automated through use of the Technicon AutoAnalyser as described previously, are employed for the analysis of the sample extracts. Evaluation of this combined procedure indicates that it yields reliable results for both total HCN and total gas phase aldehydes with greater speed and ease of operation than provided by the previously described methods. The procedure has been applied to various cigarette samples with the relative standard deviation for a single port of 5 cigarettes ranging from 1.9 to 5.5 % for gas phase aldehydes and from 2.6 to 8.4 % for total HCN.

The Spectrophotometric Determination of Formaldehyde in Whole Smoke/Eine spektralphotometrische Methode zur Bestimmung von Formaldehyd im Vollrauch von Cigaretten

1971 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
H.P. Stauffer ◽  
J. Bourquin
Keyword(s):  
Gas Phase ◽  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Carbonyl Compounds ◽  
Ammonium Ion ◽  
Buffer Solution ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Volatile Aldehydes ◽  
Whole Smoke

AbstractThe quantitative determination of formaldehyde in the gas phase of cigarette smoke does not permit any conclusion about the actual level in whole smoke. This is due to the fact that a Cambridge filter charged with smoke condensate absorbs up to 50 % of the volatile aldehydes from the gas phase. A simple method is presented making possible the estimation of formaldehyde in whole cigarette smoke. The procedure is based on the Hantzsch reaction between formaldehyde, acetylacetone and ammonium ion in an aqueous buffer solution. The reaction product, 3,5-diacetyl1,4-dihydrolutidine, has an absorption maximum at 412 nm and is measured spectrophotometrically. The operations are simple and there are no separation steps required. Reproducibility is excellent and interference by other carbonyl compounds can be neglected. Acetaldehyde in concentrations 10 times higher than formaldehyde interferes to less than 1 %. Different types of cigarettes have been analysed with respect to their delivery of formaldehyde. Values found range from 40 to 90 µg per cigarette. The concentrations found in whole smoke are significantly higher than the values cited in the Iiterature for gas phase formaldehyde

Sampling and determination of gas-phase hydrogen peroxide following removal of ozone by gas-phase reaction with nitric oxide

1986 ◽  
Vol 58 (8) ◽  
pp. 1857-1865 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger L. Tanner ◽  
George Y. Markovits ◽  
Eugene M. Ferreri ◽  
Thomas J. Kelly
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Gas Phase ◽  
Phase Reaction ◽  
Gas Phase Reaction

Gas-Solid Chromatographic Determination of Carbon Monoxide and Carbon Dioxide in Cigarette Smoke

1974 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Arthur D Horton ◽  
Michael R Guerin
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Gas Phase ◽  
Confidence Intervals ◽  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Chromatographic Determination ◽  
Standard Errors ◽  
Sampling Techniques ◽  
Relative Standard

Abstract Gas-solid chromatographic methods are presented for the determination of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, or both simultaneously in the gas phase of cigarette smoke. The methods are optimized to allow quantitative determinations on the entire gas phase delivery of the cigarettes rather than single puffs and to allow the use of small numbers of cigarettes. Shortcomings of several sampling techniques are defined, and evidence is presented supporting the utility of Saran bag sampling and containment. Carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide analyses may be performed with relative standard errors of 2—3% and relative confidence intervals (95%) of 6—9% for determinations involving 4—6 cigarettes.

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