scholarly journals The impact of background category information on the creation of social cliques: The role of need for cognitive closure and decisiveness

2012 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcin Bukowski ◽  
Grzegorz Sędek ◽  
Małgorzata Kossowska ◽  
Mariusz Trejtowicz
Keyword(s):  
Mental Model ◽  
Need For Closure ◽  
Model Structure ◽  
Cognitive Closure ◽  
Category Information ◽  
Need For Cognitive Closure ◽  
Social Cliques ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Task Structures

The impact of background category information on the creation of social cliques: The role of need for cognitive closure and decisiveness This article focuses on the role of need for cognitive closure in the process of mental model creation about social relations (i.e. social cliques). We assumed that high (vs. low) need for closure participants tend to rely on background category information when forming social cliques. We predicted that this tendency to employ categorical information as a mental aid, used in order to form social cliques, would be efficient in simple task structures (where category information overlaps with the mental model structure) but would lead to increased error rates in complex task structures (where category information is inconsistent with the model structure). The results confirmed our predictions, showing especially strong effects for the decisiveness component of need for closure. The importance of individual differences in need for closure and decisiveness in social reasoning is discussed.

scholarly journals Two routes to closure: Time pressure and goal activation effects on executive control

2014 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 268-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Kossowska ◽  
Marcin Bukowski ◽  
Gabriela Czarnek
Keyword(s):  
Executive Control ◽  
Time Pressure ◽  
Cognitive Closure ◽  
Need For Cognitive Closure ◽  
Closure Time ◽  
Goal Activation ◽  
Attentional Tasks ◽  
External Time ◽  
The Impact

Abstract In the present study the impact of need for cognitive closure (NFC) manipulations via time pressure and explicit closure goal activation on executive control was investigated. Although there is some evidence that NFC, measured as an individual variable, is related to better performing in attentional tasks involving executive control, these results have never been validated across different manipulations of NFC. Thus, in the present study we induced NFC via internal and external time pressure and tested the impact of these manipulations on the performance in tasks that measure executive control, i.e., the Stroop and switching tasks. The results revealed that induced high (vs. low) NFC, indeed boosted performance in executive control tasks. Moreover, there was no difference in the effect of both NFC manipulations on task performance. The implications regarding the role of executive control and specific NFC manipulations in social cognition are discussed.

scholarly journals Towards a Better Understanding of Lawyers’ Judgmental Biases in Client Representation: The Role of Need for Cognitive Closure

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
James H. Stark ◽  
Maxim Milyavsky
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Fair Value ◽  
Law Students ◽  
Personal Injury ◽  
Need For Closure ◽  
Law Schools ◽  
Cognitive Closure ◽  
Need For Cognitive Closure ◽  
Overconfidence Bias

Previous research demonstrates that lawyers and law students are, on average, prone to overconfidence bias and self-serving judgments of fairness when they take on a representative lawyering role. This is the first study to investigate individual differences in susceptibility to these biases. Expanding on two previous experiments, and utilizing as our sample 468 law students from twelve geographically diverse U.S. law schools, we examined whether differences in students’ Need for Cognitive Closure (NFC) — a motivational desire for clear answers over ambiguity — would affect both their judicial outcome predictions and their “fair settlement value” assessments of a simulated personal injury case when assigned randomly to the role of plaintiff’s or defendant’s counsel. We also investigated whether high- or low-NFC scores would have any effect on the efficacy of a “consider-the-opposite” (“list the weaknesses of your case”) prompt given to half of our subjects in an effort to de-bias these assessments. We found that a high need for closure intensifies self-serving bias in both students’ judicial predictions and fair value assessments, and that bias in students’ judicial predictions could be mitigated through de-biasing interventions, even with students high in need for closure. Bias in fairness assessments persisted, despite de-biasing prompts.

scholarly journals The Impact of Closed-mindedness on the Assessment of Threat: An Empirical Study

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-19
Author(s):  
Colin A Wastell ◽  
Nicole Weeks ◽  
Alexander Wearing ◽  
Piers Duncan ◽  
Wajma Ebrahimi
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Study ◽  
Intelligence Analysis ◽  
Cognitive Closure ◽  
General Attitude ◽  
The Past ◽  
Cognitive Limitations ◽  
Need For Cognitive Closure ◽  
Analysis Task ◽  
Threat Level ◽  
The Impact

In the past decade official reports into intelligence failures have asserted that analysts are subject to the effects of everyday cognitive limitations. The present study examined the influence of an individual's inclination toward closedmindedness on a computer administered simulated intelligence analysis task. Results indicate that several components of closed-mindedness as measured by the need for cognitive closure scale [NFC] significantly predicted the assessed level of threat posed to and general attitude toward a visiting government delegation by a foreign nation's population. Most significantly higher scores on the NFC subscale ‘need for predictability’ were associated with higher scores on the initial assessed threat level. This effect remained after controlling for the amount of information accessed. The implications of these findings for the conduct of intelligence analysis are discussed.

Audit management, need for closure and detection of misstatements

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-250
Author(s):  
Mojtaba Safipour Afshar ◽  
Omid Pourheidari ◽  
Bakr Al-Gamrh ◽  
Asghar Afshar Jahanshahi
Keyword(s):  
Financial Statements ◽  
Mediating Effect ◽  
Financial Statement ◽  
Need For Closure ◽  
Certified Public Accountants ◽  
Cognitive Closure ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Need For Cognitive Closure ◽  
Audit Firms ◽  
Audit Management

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to study whether diverting auditors to erroneous accounts leads to higher effectiveness and detection of errors. Also, this paper investigates the effect of the need for cognitive closure of auditors on audit effectiveness and detection of errors in the presence of audit management. Design/methodology/approach The authors used a financial statement containing a diverting statement and several errors for measuring audit management and used a survey to measure auditors’ need for closure. Research sample consisted of 79 independent auditors having above three years of audit experience. The set of financial statement and questionnaire (measuring the need for closure of auditors) was given to auditors and they had enough time to fill them. Findings Results show that diverting auditors to accounts containing error does not lead to higher effectiveness and detection of errors. Also, auditors need for closure character does not affect their effectiveness and detection of errors in the financial statements. Practical implications Diverting auditors to erroneous accounts leads to higher detection of earning management. With this regard, the results increase the awareness of auditors that diverting auditors away from important errors to easy-to-detect erroneous accounts leads to their belief of achieving the audit objectives by detecting phony errors and misstatements. In other words, the results alert auditors of managers’ techniques of audit management. Originality/value This study contributes to the literature on audit management and need for cognitive closure of auditors in Iran’s audit environment and introduces these concepts to this environment. The paper will be of value to Association of Iranian Certified Public accountants to include stricter measure in appraisal of audit firms’ quality and educate its participants about audit management and mediating effect of the need for closure of auditors on the detection of errors and misstatements in financial statements.

Time Pressure Effects on Impulse Buying in Sales Situation: Need for Cognitive Closure of Intermediary Role

2014 ◽  
Vol 926-930 ◽  
pp. 4065-4068 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mei Hu ◽  
Xiang Bin Qin
Keyword(s):  
Time Pressure ◽  
Influencing Factor ◽  
Special Kind ◽  
Pressure Effects ◽  
Impulse Buying ◽  
Cognitive Closure ◽  
Need For Cognitive Closure ◽  
Intermediary Role ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Buying In

The impulse buying is a special kind of irrational behavior; the impact factor has been research hotspot of scholars and the focus of companies. Based on the analysis of the phenomenon of impulse buying and the literature of impulse buying, we realize time pressure is the important influencing factor on impulse buying. In this paper, we study time pressure effects on impulse buying behavior, and the need for cognitive closure of intermediary role and regulation of demographic variables in promotion situation, on the basis of that we constructed the model of under time pressure effects on impulse buying in promotion situation. We expect this paper can promote the related theory research of impulse buying, and provide theory basis for merchants take reasonable promotion methods.

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