scholarly journals Lignocellulosic bio-refinery downstream products in future packaging applications

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor Karlovits ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Feed ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Paper Industry ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Current State ◽  
Lignocellulosic Feedstock ◽  
Food Applications ◽  
Protective Packaging ◽  
Different Sources

The concept of efficient utilisation of renewable bio-based materials (biomass feedstock) is the driving force in the green transformation to a more sustainable and circular society. Biorefineries or biochemical platforms convert and utilise different sources of biomass into fuels and other beneficial derivates like fibres and other bio-based chemicals. These can be used as building blocks for many potentially useful applications. In this review, we shall describe the current state of the art and trends in the conversion of lignocellulosic feedstock into materials which can be primarily used in packaging applications. The three main constituents (cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin) are being re-engineered into new products with higher added value. The main goal of all these downstream products is that they do not compete with animal feed and food applications. The main downstream products of different kind of transformations are different natural fibres which can be further processed into micro or nano fibrillated state and used for a broad application of fields from ink, adhesive and packaging materials. Also, fibres and its derivates can be bonded successfully into bio-composites or fibre-based foams applications for the protective packaging applications. Hemicellulose, as a second most abundant component, has been researched for applications in adhesives and paper and paperboard coatings. Lignin which is currently utilised as an energy source for the paper industry, has been recently actively researched. Lignin-based biopolymers have a potential to be used in many different applications from additives in the barrier coatings on the packaging to active packaging and even as lignin-based foams. All these applications are currently in the development stages and cover niche market segments, but are expected to grow and to be used in future markets.

scholarly journals Quantitative solid-phase assay to measure deoxynucleoside triphosphate pools

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Cruz Landoni ◽  
Liya Wang ◽  
Anu Suomalainen
Keyword(s):  
Dna Replication ◽  
Cell Fate ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Current State ◽  
Cell Processes ◽  
Deoxynucleoside Triphosphate ◽  
Phase Setting ◽  
Solid Phase Assay

Deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs) are the reduced nucleotides used as the building blocks and energy source for DNA replication and maintenance in all living systems. They are present in highly regulated amounts and ratios in the cell, and their balance has been implicated in the most important cell processes, from determining the fidelity of DNA replication to affecting cell fate. Furthermore, many cancer drugs target biosynthetic enzymes in dNTP metabolism, and mutations in genes directly or indirectly affecting these pathways are the cause of devastating diseases. The accurate and systematic measurement of these pools is key to understand the mechanisms behind these diseases and their treatment. We present a new method for measuring dNTP pools from biological samples, utilising the current state-of-the-art polymerase method, modified to a solid-phase setting and optimised for larger scale measurements.

scholarly journals Catalytic Transfer Hydrogenolysis Reactions for Lignin Valorization to Fuels and Chemicals

Catalysts ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antigoni Margellou ◽  
Konstantinos Triantafyllidis
Keyword(s):  
Paper Industry ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Transfer Hydrogenation ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Conversion Degree ◽  
Second Generation Bioethanol ◽  
Catalytic Hydrogenolysis ◽  
Hydrogenation Reactions ◽  
Fuels And Chemicals ◽  
Catalytic Transfer

Lignocellulosic biomass is an abundant renewable source of chemicals and fuels. Lignin, one of biomass main structural components being widely available as by-product in the pulp and paper industry and in the process of second generation bioethanol, can provide phenolic and aromatic compounds that can be utilized for the manufacture of a wide variety of polymers, fuels, and other high added value products. The effective depolymerisation of lignin into its primary building blocks remains a challenge with regard to conversion degree and monomers selectivity and stability. This review article focuses on the state of the art in the liquid phase reductive depolymerisation of lignin under relatively mild conditions via catalytic hydrogenolysis/hydrogenation reactions, discussing the effect of lignin type/origin, hydrogen donor solvents, and related transfer hydrogenation or reforming pathways, catalysts, and reaction conditions.

scholarly journals A Review of the Building Blocks of Silicon Photonics: From Fabrication Perspective

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Md Jubayer Shawon Shawon ◽  
Feng Li
Keyword(s):  
Full Advantage ◽  
Silicon Photonics ◽  
Process Integration ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Semiconductor Industry ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Semiconductor Technology ◽  
Electronic Industry ◽  
Current State

Silicon photonics is a disruptive semiconductor technology that taps into the extraordinary properties of light while taking full advantage of the already matured CMOS processes developed in the semiconductor industry. However, just like electronic industry in the 1970s, currently, Silicon Photonics is in its infancy. The fundamental building blocks of silicon photonics such as waveguides, lasers, modulators, etc. are yet to be fully optimized for low-cost-mass-manufacturing. In this paper, the current state-of-the-art related to developing and optimizing these aforementioned key components will be presented. The challenges of process integration regarding Silicon photonics will also be discussed.

scholarly journals Model Learning for Look-Ahead Exploration in Continuous Control

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 3151-3158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arpit Agarwal ◽  
Katharina Muelling ◽  
Katerina Fragkiadaki
Keyword(s):  
State Transition ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Continuous Control ◽  
Temporal Abstraction ◽  
Model Learning ◽  
Effective Learning ◽  
Exploration Strategy ◽  
Current State ◽  
Look Ahead

We propose an exploration method that incorporates lookahead search over basic learnt skills and their dynamics, and use it for reinforcement learning (RL) of manipulation policies. Our skills are multi-goal policies learned in isolation in simpler environments using existing multigoal RL formulations, analogous to options or macroactions. Coarse skill dynamics, i.e., the state transition caused by a (complete) skill execution, are learnt and are unrolled forward during lookahead search. Policy search benefits from temporal abstraction during exploration, though itself operates over low-level primitive actions, and thus the resulting policies does not suffer from suboptimality and inflexibility caused by coarse skill chaining. We show that the proposed exploration strategy results in effective learning of complex manipulation policies faster than current state-of-the-art RL methods, and converges to better policies than methods that use options or parametrized skills as building blocks of the policy itself, as opposed to guiding exploration. We show that the proposed exploration strategy results in effective learning of complex manipulation policies faster than current state-of-the-art RL methods, and converges to better policies than methods that use options or parameterized skills as building blocks of the policy itself, as opposed to guiding exploration.

Synthesis and Properties of Fullerene-Rich Dendrimers

2009 ◽  
Vol 62 (7) ◽  
pp. 605 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michel Holler ◽  
Jean-François Nierengarten
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Properties ◽  
Main Part ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Molecular Engineering ◽  
Fullerene Derivatives ◽  
Current State ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Dendritic Branches ◽  
Dendritic Structures

Owing to their peculiar electronic properties, fullerene derivatives are attractive building blocks for dendrimer chemistry. Whereas, for the main part, the fullerene-containing dendrimers reported so far have been prepared with a C60 core, dendritic structures with fullerene units at their surface or with C60 spheres in the dendritic branches have been more scarcely considered. This is mainly associated with the difficulties related to the synthesis of fullerene-rich molecules. In this review, the most recent developments on the molecular engineering of fullerene-rich dendrons and dendrimers are presented to illustrate the current state-of-the-art of fullerene chemistry for the preparation of new dendritic materials.

Behavioral Genetics: Concepts for Research and Practice in Language Development and Disorders

1995 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 1126-1142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey W. Gilger
Keyword(s):  
Language Development ◽  
Behavioral Genetics ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Genetic Research ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Behavioral Genetic ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Future Goals ◽  
Current State ◽  
Research Designs

This paper is an introduction to behavioral genetics for researchers and practioners in language development and disorders. The specific aims are to illustrate some essential concepts and to show how behavioral genetic research can be applied to the language sciences. Past genetic research on language-related traits has tended to focus on simple etiology (i.e., the heritability or familiality of language skills). The current state of the art, however, suggests that great promise lies in addressing more complex questions through behavioral genetic paradigms. In terms of future goals it is suggested that: (a) more behavioral genetic work of all types should be done—including replications and expansions of preliminary studies already in print; (b) work should focus on fine-grained, theory-based phenotypes with research designs that can address complex questions in language development; and (c) work in this area should utilize a variety of samples and methods (e.g., twin and family samples, heritability and segregation analyses, linkage and association tests, etc.).

Schizophrenia Research: Current State of the Art

1976 ◽  
Vol 21 (7) ◽  
pp. 497-498
Author(s):  
STANLEY GRAND
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Current State

Umbral Calculus

10.37236/24 ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 1000 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Di Bucchianico ◽  
D. Loeb
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Finite Differences ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Umbral Calculus ◽  
Current State ◽  
Logical Foundation ◽  
Complete Bibliography ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Mathematical Literature

We survey the mathematical literature on umbral calculus (otherwise known as the calculus of finite differences) from its roots in the 19th century (and earlier) as a set of “magic rules” for lowering and raising indices, through its rebirth in the 1970’s as Rota’s school set it on a firm logical foundation using operator methods, to the current state of the art with numerous generalizations and applications. The survey itself is complemented by a fairly complete bibliography (over 500 references) which we expect to update regularly.

The Receptor-Dependent QSAR Paradigm: An Overview of the Current State of the Art

2009 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 359-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Osvaldo Santos-Filho ◽  
Anton Hopfinger ◽  
Artem Cherkasov ◽  
Ricardo de Alencastro
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Current State
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