FIRST TOWN GOVERNMENT OF NAKHICHEVAN-ON-DON: ORIGIN, STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
L.V. Batiev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Author(s):  
Christian D. Liddy

The political narrative of late medieval English towns is often reduced to the story of the gradual intensification of oligarchy, in which power was exercised and projected by an ever smaller ruling group over an increasingly subservient urban population. This book takes its inspiration not from English historiography, but from a more dynamic continental scholarship on towns in the southern Low Countries, Germany, and France. Its premise is that scholarly debate about urban oligarchy has obscured contemporary debate about urban citizenship. It identifies from the records of English towns a tradition of urban citizenship, which did not draw upon the intellectual legacy of classical models of the ‘citizen’. This was a vernacular citizenship, which was not peculiar to England, but which was present elsewhere in late medieval Europe. It was a citizenship that was defined and created through action. There were multiple, and divergent, ideas about citizenship, which encouraged townspeople to make demands, to assert rights, and to resist authority. This book exploits the rich archival sources of the five major towns in England—Bristol, Coventry, London, Norwich, and York—in order to present a new picture of town government and urban politics over three centuries. The power of urban governors was much more precarious than historians have imagined. Urban oligarchy could never prevail—whether ideologically or in practice—when there was never a single, fixed meaning of the citizen.


2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuslim,

<div class="WordSection1"><p align="center"><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p><em>Th</em><em>e idea of regulating of governor’s authority as representative of central government to the regency/ town government after the amendment of 1945 constitution is aimed at answering two legal problems. They are: (1) How is the regulation of the authority of governor as representative of central government after the amendment of 1945 constitution, (2) How is the idea governor as the representative of government. In order to answer such a questions the research   conducted by using legal/normative research. The approach that used is statue approach and conceptual approach. The regulating of governor’s authority as representative of central government as stipulated in Art. 32 of Act No.32 year of 2004 do not have firm validity in 1945 Constitution. Such the authority of governor is conducted as the implementation of principle of de-concentration, while such a principle does not clearly formulated in 1945 constitution. Besides it does not have constitution’s validity, the regulating of governor’s authority in Act No.32, 2004 does not have clear concept since on one hand such authority is attribution, an on one hand that authority is a delegation and even in practice it is a mandate. According of Unitary state’s point of view the authority of governor as direct representative of central government  after the amendment of 1945 constitution should be in delegation form. Therefore it is not directly enumerated in Act regarding the Local government (attribution).The president that would transfer that authority in government regulation (pp). The delegation of authority to the governor should cover the affair of general government in province, so it is not just limited to a certain affair.Besides in conducting the authority, the governor as representative of central government needs certain organ that assist the governor in performing his authority and as the organ of central government.</em></p><p><strong><em>Key word: </em></strong><em>The idea, governor’s authority, government’s representat, unitary state.</em></p><p align="center"><strong>Abstrak</strong></p><p>Gagasan penaturan kewenangan gubernur sebagai wakil pemerintah terhadap kabupaten/ kota setelah perubahan Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 bertujuan menjawab 2(dua) problem hukum, yakni :   (1) Bagaimana pengaturan kewenangan gubernur sebagai wakil pemerintah setelah perubahan UUD 1945, dan (2) Bagaimana gagasan kewenangan gubernur sebagai wakil pemerintah. Untuk menemukan jawaban pertanyaan yang muncul dilakukan penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan (<em>statute approach</em>) dan pendekatan konseptual (<em>conceptual approach</em>). Pengaturan kewenangan gubernur sebagai wakil pemerintah dalam Pasal 38 UU No. 32/2004 tidak memiliki validasi yang tegas dalam UUD 1945.Kewenangan gubernur tersebut dilakukan dalam rangka pelaksanaan asas dekonsentrasi, sementara asas dekonsentrasi tidak dirumuskan secara tegas dalam UUD 1945.Selain tidak memiliki validasi konsitusi, pengaturan kewenangan gubernur dalam UU No. 32/2004 tidak jelas konsepnya karena satu sisi kewenangan tersebut berupa atribusi, pada bagian lain berupa delegasi dan bahkan dalam praktek berupa mandat. Menurut sudut pandang sistem negara kesatuan (<em>unitary state</em>) kewenangan gubernur sebagai wakil pemerintah langsung setelah perubahan UUD 1945 haruslah berupa delegasi kewenangan.Jadi tidak ditegaskan (dirinci) langsung dalam UU mengenai pemerintahan daerah (atribusi). Presiden yang akan melimpahkan kewenangan tersebut nantinya dalam Peraturan Pemerintah. Pelimpahan kewenangan kepada gubernur tersebut ruanglingkupnya haruslah mencakup urusan pemerintahan umum di provinsi jadi tidak dibatasi pada urusan tertentu saja.Selain itu dalam menjalankan kewenangan gubernur sebagai wakil pemerintah perlu organ tertentu yang membatu gubernur dalam menjalankan kewenangannya dan merupakan organ pemerintah.</p><p><strong>Key word: </strong>Gagasan<strong>, </strong>Kewenangan Gubernur, Wakil Pemerintah, Negara Kesatuan.</p></div>


Author(s):  
Maurice Crandall

This chapter illustrates how the United States pursued a variety of policies in its attempts to incorporate Indigenous peoples in Arizona during the territorial period. Hopis in northern Arizona appeared to be ideal candidates for citizenship. The federal government attempted allotment in severalty, boarding school education, opening business ventures in Hopi territory, and outright force, but Hopis proved resistant to all such efforts, never embracing citizenship and the franchise. After decades of genocidal policies by the governments of Sonora and Mexico, many Yaquis eventually sought refuge across the border in the United States, establishing communities such as Pascua and Guadalupe. As refugees in southern Arizona, Yaquis largely stayed out of the eyes of public officials while participating widely in the regional economy. They did not participate in Arizona electoral politics, nor did they fully transplant their Spanish-influenced systems of town government. Similar to Hopis, Tohono O’odhams were also subjected to allotment (on the San Xavier del Bac Reservation) and boarding schools, and viewed as promising potential citizens by U.S. officials. But similar to New Mexico Pueblos, Hopis, and Yaquis, Tohono O’odams preferred to stay outside of mainstream electoral politics in favor of protecting their own national sovereignty.


2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleanor Burke ◽  
Christopher Ciano Collins ◽  
Lucy Bergeron ◽  
Kara Lavender Law

Abstract This paper recounts the two-year journey of an eight-member public Massachusetts high school environmental club that set out to decrease their local community’s consumption of single-use plastics. In the academic years 2016–2018, launched by a presentation by co-author Dr. Kara Lavender Law, the students wrestled with the global problem of plastic environmental debris within their local sphere of influence. They petitioned town government to regulate against local merchants’ dispensing thin-film plastic bags or selling single-use plastic water bottles < 1 L in size. The journey called upon them to participate in the democratic process, and through it to inform the citizenry, entertain opposing viewpoints, counter strident opposition with facts, enlist allies, and build broad consensus. After a two-year process, the project arrived at a successful result. They learned through experience that with tenacity, they could make democracy work for their ethical ideals.


1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 833
Author(s):  
Frederick P. Bowser ◽  
Robert Haskett
Keyword(s):  

1917 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-69
Author(s):  
Edwin A. Cottrell
Keyword(s):  

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