Fiscalitat municipal sobre productes alimentaris a Castelló d’Empúries (1350–1365)

During the 14th century, Catalan towns, together with those in the rest of the Crown of Aragon, issued enormous quantities of long-term debt, which took the form of sales of perpetual and lifelong annuities ("censals morts" and "violaris"), in order to finance their numerous economic needs of different types. As a consequence of the growing issuing of debt instruments, town governments had to build a fiscal system of increasing complexity to satisfy the rising annual interests. The system was based on a set of indirect taxes over commerce and the consumption of certain food and manufactured products. Castelló d’Empúries was not an exception and the town engaged and consolidated long-term debt between approximately 1350 and 1375. This article analyses the evolution of the taxes on food that the town government of Castelló was administering during this period (yield, tariffs and exempt groups), applied on wine and grapes, meat, cereal milling, bread, oil, fish and pigs. On these grounds, the article assesses whether the increasing town debt resulted in a growing tax pressure on its inhabitants, and offers an overview of the main food types that were commercialised in Castelló during the 14th century.

Pemanfaatan Tanah Kas Desa Tatung Kecamatan Balong Kabupaten Ponorogo Dengan Sistem Lelang Tanah

Town resources can be as Town depository lands, standard land, town markets, creature markets, boat moorings, town structures, fish barters, farming item barters, town claimed woods, town springs, public showers, and different resources having a place with the Town people group. Town land is town possessed land that can be utilized for town pay and for the government assistance of the town local area. This examination was directed to perceive how the utilization of town depository lands and the interaction of land closeout in Tatung Town, Balong Ponorogo Region. Questions that emerge in this investigation are the manner by which the Tatung Town Government, Balong Locale, Ponorogo Rule oversees town depository grounds and how the land sell off measure in Tatung Town Balong Region, Ponorogo Rule. This examination utilized a subjective graphic exploration strategy. The land closeout framework in Tatung Town, Balong Locale, Ponorogo Rule can improve the way of life of the Town people group where with the town depository land sell off framework, individuals who don't have farming area can oversee land, yet the sale interaction has not been done such that right and open so lawful issues don't emerge later on and there is no maltreatment of force and authority by the town government, so in the town of Tatung there is a requirement for socialization and heading to the local area and town government in regards to the right land sell off measure.

Japan’s International Standards of Waste Recycling Treatment: Disseminating the Osaki System in Depok and Bali

This research explains the importance of approach and coordination from the Osaki Town government on waste recycling management of Osaki System to the community residents and companies, for changing their mindset on responsibilities and duties. This was done since the beginning when Osaki system was created until it becomes a sustainable system in daily life. The important key aspects on implementing the Osaki system are good cooperation and bond of trust shared among the government, community residents and companies. Osaki Town has achieved no.1 in the highest rate of waste resource recycling for 12 consecutive years in all of Japan. The system has made Osaki Town to become a SDGs system model in Japan, after receiving SDGs award from the Japanese government in December 2019. The Osaki System has succeeded to solve problems on reducing the volume of waste in landfill site. Being a sustainable waste resource recycling system and a model not only in Japan but also abroad, Osaki Town then disseminates the Osaki System in Indonesia which has the same problems, such as approach and cooperation between the government and the residents, reduce the waste volume in landfill areas by separate waste method for recycling and low cost management.

Teen activism leads to local laws banning single-use plastics: a two-year experiential learning journey

This paper recounts the two-year journey of an eight-member public Massachusetts high school environmental club that set out to decrease their local community’s consumption of single-use plastics. In the academic years 2016–2018, launched by a presentation by co-author Dr. Kara Lavender Law, the students wrestled with the global problem of plastic environmental debris within their local sphere of influence. They petitioned town government to regulate against local merchants’ dispensing thin-film plastic bags or selling single-use plastic water bottles < 1 L in size. The journey called upon them to participate in the democratic process, and through it to inform the citizenry, entertain opposing viewpoints, counter strident opposition with facts, enlist allies, and build broad consensus. After a two-year process, the project arrived at a successful result. They learned through experience that with tenacity, they could make democracy work for their ethical ideals.