Confined animal feeding operations and state-based right to farm laws: Managing twenty-first century agriculture with a twentieth century framework in the case of Wisconsin, United States

Juxtaposing the French and Indian War stories of Elizabeth George Speare, a mid-twentieth- century Anglo-American children's author, against those of Joseph Bruchac, a twenty-first- century Abenaki children's author, reveals how flexible and powerful captivity narratives have been in shaping arguments about gender, nationhood, citizenship, and land in the postwar United States.

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America's Pragmatic Role?

International Studies Review ◽

10.1093/isr/viaa069 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Deborah Avant

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Twentieth Century ◽

International Relations ◽

The United States ◽

Global Leadership ◽

First Century ◽

Global Leader ◽

The Future ◽

Twenty First Century

Abstract What has made the United States a global leader? Though analysts often attribute American success to a combination of resources and ideas, a subtle undercurrent in these arguments points to pragmatism and the creativity it often generates as an important part of the story. First theorized by American philosophers in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, pragmatism emphasizes that creativity can reshape how we see norms and interests to make cooperation more likely. After discussing the basic elements of pragmatism and its intersection with prominent international relations arguments, I show how the creativity that pragmatism envisions appears in each of these books. Though the collected authors do not label themselves as pragmatists, piecing these pragmatic elements together demonstrates the importance of creativity for key global leadership moments in the twentieth century, as well as important, if under-appreciated, governance innovations in the twenty-first century. It also offers insights into how the United States might move into the future.

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A Comparative Study of Precipitation and Evaporation between CMIP3 and CMIP5 Climate Model Ensembles in Semiarid Regions

Journal of Climate ◽

10.1175/jcli-d-13-00398.1 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 27 (10) ◽

pp. 3731-3749 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Noel C. Baker ◽

Huei-Ping Huang

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Twentieth Century ◽

Negative Trend ◽

First Century ◽

Positive Trend ◽

Southwestern United States ◽

Semiarid Regions ◽

Drying Trend ◽

Twenty First Century ◽

Model Ensembles

Abstract The twentieth-century climatology and twenty-first-century trend in precipitation P, evaporation E, and P − E for selected semiarid U.S. Southwest and Mediterranean regions are compared between ensembles from phases 3 and 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP3 and CMIP5). The twentieth-century simulations are validated with precipitation from observation and evaporation from reanalysis. It is found that the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) A1B simulations in CMIP3 and the simulations with representative concentration pathways (RCPs) 4.5 and 8.5 in CMIP5 produce qualitatively similar seasonal cycles of the twenty-first-century trend in P − E for both semiarid regions. For the southwestern United States, it is characterized by a strong drying trend in spring, a weak moistening trend in summer, a weak drying trend in winter, and an overall drying trend for the annual mean. For the Mediterranean region, a drying trend is simulated for all seasons with an October maximum and July minimum. The consistency between CMIP3 and CMIP5 scenarios indicates that the simulated trend is robust; however, while the trend in P − E is negative in spring for the southwestern United States for all CMIP ensembles, CMIP3 predicts a strongly negative trend in P and minor negative trend in E whereas both CMIP5 scenarios predict a nearly zero trend in P and positive trend in E. For the twentieth-century simulations, the P, E, and P − E of the two model ensembles are statistically indistinguishable for most seasons. This “stagnation” of the simulated climatology from CMIP3 to CMIP5 implies that the hydroclimatic variable biases have not decreased in the newer generation of models. Notably, over the southwestern United States the CMIP3 models produce too much precipitation in the cold season. This bias remains almost unchanged in CMIP5.

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Comparing Twentieth- and Twenty-First-Century Patterns of Interannual Precipitation Variability over the Western United States and Northern Mexico*

Journal of Hydrometeorology ◽

10.1175/jhm-d-10-05003.1 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 366-378 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Tyler W. Ruff ◽

Yochanan Kushnir ◽

Richard Seager

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Twentieth Century ◽

Interannual Variability ◽

Climate Models ◽

Precipitation Variability ◽

First Century ◽

Western United States ◽

Spatial Structures ◽

Northern Mexico ◽

Twenty First Century

Abstract The ability of coupled climate models to simulate the patterns of interannual precipitation variability over the western half of the United States and northern Mexico is investigated by applying principal component analysis to observations and model output. Global Precipitation Climatology Centre (GPCC) observations are compared to the pooled twentieth-century warm- and cold-season precipitation averages simulated by five coupled global climate models included in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report. The pooled model spatial structures (EOFs) closely match those of the GPCC observations for both halves of the year. Additionally, the twenty-first-century model pooled EOFs are almost identical in spatial extent and amplitude to their twentieth-century counterparts. Thus, the spatial characteristics of large-scale precipitation variability in the western United States are not projected to change in the twenty-first century. When global observed and modeled seasonally averaged sea surface temperature anomalies are correlated with the time series corresponding to the three leading EOFs to discern sources of each mode of precipitation variability, a pattern reminiscent of El Niño is found to be the only significant association. The spatial structures of variability also appear independent of the model-predicted precipitation trend over the twenty-first century, indicating that the mechanisms responsible for the trend are different from those associated with interannual variability. The results of this study lend confidence in the pooled model predictions of seasonal precipitation patterns, and they suggest that future changes will primarily result from the contribution of the mean trend over which statistically stationary interannual variability is superimposed.

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Great Plains Precipitation and Its SST Links in Twentieth-Century Climate Simulations, and Twenty-First- and Twenty-Second-Century Climate Projections

Journal of Climate ◽

10.1175/2010jcli3173.1 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 23 (23) ◽

pp. 6409-6429 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Alfredo Ruiz-Barradas ◽

Sumant Nigam

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Twentieth Century ◽

Great Plains ◽

Summer Precipitation ◽

Precipitation Variability ◽

Second Century ◽

First Century ◽

Climate Simulations ◽

Central United States ◽

Twenty First Century

Abstract The present work assesses spring and summer precipitation over North America as well as summer precipitation variability over the central United States and its SST links in simulations of the twentieth-century climate and projections of the twenty-first- and twenty-second-century climates for the A1B scenario. The observed spatial structure of spring and summer precipitation poses a challenge for models, particularly over the western and central United States. Tendencies in spring precipitation in the twenty-first century agree with the observed ones at the end of the twentieth century over a wetter north-central and a drier southwestern United States, and a drier southeastern Mexico. Projected wetter springs over the Great Plains in the twenty-first and twenty-second centuries are associated with an increase in the number of extreme springs. In contrast, projected summer tendencies have demonstrated little consistency. The associated observed changes in SSTs bear the global warming footprint, which is not well captured in the twentieth-century climate simulations. Precipitation variability over the Great Plains presents a coherent picture in spring but not in summer. Models project an increase in springtime precipitation variability owing to an increased number of extreme springs. The number of extreme droughty (pluvial) events during the spring–fall part of the year is under(over)estimated in the twentieth century without consistent projections. Summer precipitation variability over the Great Plains is linked to SSTs over the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, with no apparent ENSO link in spite of the exaggerated variability in the equatorial Pacific in climate simulations; this has been identified already in observations and atmospheric models forced with historical SSTs. This link is concealed due to the increased warming in the twenty-first century. Deficiencies in land surface–atmosphere interactions and global teleconnections in the climate models prevent them from a better portrayal of summer precipitation variability in the central United States.

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From Vidocq to the Locked Room

Criminal Moves ◽

10.3828/liverpool/9781789620580.003.0010 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 163-178

Author(s):

Stephen Knight

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Twentieth Century ◽

International Development ◽

The United States ◽

Crime Fiction ◽

First Century ◽

Transnational Mobility ◽

Legal Narratives ◽

History Of ◽

Twenty First Century

This chapter provides an in-depth history of the international development of the crime genre prior to the twentieth century. The chapter traces the emergence of a transnational genre from the 1700s through legal narratives and Romantic preoccupations and aesthetics in France, Germany, England, the United States, the Scandinavian countries and Australia. While crime fiction scholars have traditionally maintained that the genre emerged in Britain and America, this chapter places doubt on the supposed centrality of the genre’s British and American genealogy. By examining the genre’s early transnational mobility, the chapter challenges the dominant perception that the genre’s transnationality is a consequence of twentieth- and twenty-first-century globalization and, as such, that it is largely a contemporary phenomenon.

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Afterword

The Mismeasure of Minds ◽

10.5149/northcarolina/9781469643595.003.0007 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 169-172

Author(s):

Michael E. Staub

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Twentieth Century ◽

The United States ◽

Intelligence Test ◽

First Century ◽

Mental Processes ◽

Stephen Jay Gould ◽

Twenty First Century ◽

Mental Testing

In 1905 French physiological psychologist Alfred Binet pioneered a “metrical scale of intelligence,” a practical and easily administered system for establishing a child’s capacity to perform complex mental processes. Binet did not intend his intelligence test—or the score that the test yielded—to be anything more than a method to identify, and thus to assist, children who experienced difficulties with learning. When the concept of IQ arrived on American shores, it rapidly became racialized. That the racialization of mental testing came so powerfully to thrive in the United States was due in no small part, as Stephen Jay Gould has shown, to the growing prestige and influence of the discipline of psychology in the early decades of the twentieth century, the consequences of which live on – however inadvertently – into the twenty-first century

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The Rise of the Platform Business Model and the Transformation of Twenty-First-Century Capitalism

Politics & Society ◽

10.1177/0032329219838932 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 47 (2) ◽

pp. 177-204 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

K. Sabeel Rahman ◽

Kathleen Thelen

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Twentieth Century ◽

Business Model ◽

The United States ◽

First Century ◽

The Political ◽

Institutional Conditions ◽

Political Forces ◽

Twenty First Century ◽

Political Economic

This article explores the changing nature of twenty-first-century capitalism with an emphasis on illuminating the political coalitions and institutional conditions that support and sustain it. Most of the existing literature attributes the changing nature of the firm to developments in markets and technology. By contrast, this article emphasizes the political forces that have driven the transformation of the twentieth-century consolidated firm through the firm as a “network of contracts” and toward the platform firm. Moreover, situating the United States in a comparative perspective highlights the distinctive ways US political-economic institutions have facilitated that transformation and exacerbated the associated inequalities.

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Brazil and the United States: Security Issues for the Twenty-First Century

10.21236/ada441519 ◽

2001 ◽

Author(s):

Pamela J. Gallup

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

The United States ◽

First Century ◽

Security Issues ◽

Twenty First Century

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Corporate headquarters in the twenty-first century: an organization design perspective

Journal of Organization Design ◽

10.1186/s41469-020-00086-9 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Sven Kunisch ◽

Markus Menz ◽

David Collis

Keyword(s):

Twentieth Century ◽

Organization Design ◽

Business Environment ◽

First Century ◽

Future Research ◽

Corporate Headquarters ◽

Special Collection ◽

Design Perspective ◽

Twenty First Century

Abstract The corporate headquarters (CHQ) of the multi-business enterprise, which emerged as the dominant organizational form for the conduct of business in the twentieth century, has attracted considerable scholarly attention. As the business environment undergoes a fundamental transition in the twenty-first century, we believe that understanding the evolving role of the CHQ from an organization design perspective will offer unique insights into the nature of business activity in the future. The purpose of this article, in keeping with the theme of the Journal of Organization Design Special Collection, is thus to invigorate research into the CHQ. We begin by explicating four canonical questions related to the design of the CHQ. We then survey fundamental changes in the business environment occurring in the twenty-first century, and discuss their potential implications for CHQ design. When suitable here we also refer to the contributions published in our Special Collection. Finally, we put forward recommendations for advancements and new directions for future research to foster a deeper and broader understanding of the topic. We believe that we are on the cusp of a change in the CHQ as radical as that which saw its initial emergence in the late nineteenth/early twentieth century. Exactly what form that change will take remains for practitioners and researchers to inform.

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