Calculated equilibrium composition and radiation of metallic plasmasproduced in hypervelocity impact

The paper presents the results of thermodynamic calculations of the effect of pure boron additives on combustion characteristics of high-energy materials (HEM) based on ammonium perchlorate, ammonium nitrate, active fuel-binder, and powders of aluminum Al, titanium Ti, magnesium Mg, and boron B. The combustion parameters and the equilibrium composition of condensed combustion products (CCPs) of HEM model compositions were obtained with thermodynamic calculation program “Terra.” The compositions of solid propellants with different ratios of metals (Al/B, Ti/B, Mg/B, and Al/Mg/B) were considered. The combustion temperature Tad in a combustion chamber, the vacuum specific impulse J at the nozzle exit, and the mass fraction ma of the CCPs for HEMs were determined.

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Systematic errors in equilibrium composition of ternary liquid-liquid systems and their effect on the calculated number of theoretical stages of countercurrent extraction

Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications ◽

10.1135/cccc19881172 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 53 (6) ◽

pp. 1172-1180

Author(s):

Ján Dojčanský ◽

Soňa Bafrncová ◽

Július Surový

Keyword(s):

Equilibrium Composition ◽

Systematic Errors ◽

Liquid Equilibrium ◽

Countercurrent Extraction ◽

Liquid Systems ◽

Equilibrium Concentrations ◽

Line Slope ◽

Tie Line ◽

Calculated Number

The influence of magnitude of systematic errors in the determination of ternary liquid-liquid equilibrium concentrations on the accuracy of the calculated number of theoretical stages of countercurrent extraction is evaluated on using five hypothetical systems differing in the extent of mutual solubility of components, tie-line slope, and type of binodal curve.

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Acids, bases and buffer solutions

10.1093/oso/9780198782957.003.0017 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Dennis Sherwood ◽

Paul Dalby

Keyword(s):

First Principles ◽

Buffer Capacity ◽

Unique Feature ◽

Dissociation Constants ◽

Equilibrium Composition ◽

Buffer Solutions ◽

Acid And Base ◽

Water Ph ◽

Acids And Bases ◽

Conjugate Bases

Many reactions in solution involve acids and bases, and so this chapter examines these important reactions in detail. Topics covered include the ionisation of water, pH, pOH, acids and bases, conjugate acids and conjugate bases, acid and base dissociation constants, the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, the Henderson-Hasselbalch approximation, buffer solutions and buffer capacity. A unique feature of this chapter is a ‘first principles’ analysis of how a reaction buffered at a particular pH achieves an equilibrium composition different from that of the same reaction taking place in an unbuffered solution. This introduces some concepts which are important in understanding the biochemical standard state, as required for Chapter 23.

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