scholarly journals The international legal status of Western Sahara

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 35-47
Author(s):  
Adrianna Kalicka-Mikołajczyk
Keyword(s):  
Legal Status ◽  
Present Condition ◽  
Western Coast ◽  
Western Sahara ◽  
World War 2 ◽  
North East ◽  
Western Africa ◽  
The North ◽  
Spanish Province ◽  
North Western

Western Sahara is a territory lying in North-Western Africa. It borders Morocco in the north, Algeria in the north-east, Mauritania in the east and in the south, and its north-western coast borders the Atlantic Ocean. The country was colonized by the Kingdom of Spain following the decisions of the Berlin conference held in 1884. After World War 2, it was a Spanish province. When it won the independence in 1956, Morocco demanded that Western Sahara should be “liberated”, claiming that the territory belonged to it. In 1963,following the passing of the information by Spain, on the basis of Article 73 letter e) of the Charter of the United Nations, the UN entered Western Sahara in the list of areas which were not governed independently. On 14 April 1976, Morocco and Mauritania signed a convention on establishing their frontier line, on the power of which they executed a division of the territory of Western Sahara. Nowadays the western – the larger – part of Western Sahara’s territory is controlled by Morocco. The main aim of this article is to provide an answer to the question of the present condition of the international legal status of Western Sahara.

scholarly journals Evaluating methods for surveying the Endangered Cuvier's gazelleGazella cuvieriin arid landscapes

Oryx ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 648-655 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose María Gil-Sánchez ◽  
F. Javier Herrera-Sánchez ◽  
Begoña Álvarez ◽  
Ángel Arredondo ◽  
Jesús Bautista ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Distance Sampling ◽  
Population Monitoring ◽  
Arid Environments ◽  
Occupancy Modelling ◽  
Field Methods ◽  
Western Sahara ◽  
Western Africa ◽  
The North ◽  
Indirect Sign ◽  
North Western

AbstractThe Endangered Cuvier's gazelleGazella cuvieriis an endemic ungulate of north-western Africa. Information on the species has been based primarily on non-systematic surveys, and the corresponding status estimates are of unknown quality. We evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of two field methods for systematic surveys of populations of Cuvier's gazelle in arid environments: distance sampling (based on sightings) and sampling indirect sign (tracks and scats). The work was carried out in the north-western Sahara Desert, in Morocco, where what is possibly the largest population of Cuvier's gazelle persists. A logistically viable survey was conducted over a total area of c. 20.000 km2in 10 expeditions during 2011–2014. A total of 67 sites were surveyed, with 194 walking surveys (2,169 km in total). Gazelle signs were detected at 50 sites, and gazelles were sighted at 21 sites (61 individuals). We found a relationship between sightings and abundance indices based on indirect sign, which could be useful for population monitoring or ecological studies. Additionally, the data could be used in occupancy modelling. Density estimates based on distance sampling required considerable effort; however, it is possible to survey large areas during relatively short campaigns, and this proved to be the most useful approach to obtain data on the demographic structure of the population.

Biochemical responses of the marine mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis to petrochemical environmental contamination along the North-western coast of Portugal

Chemosphere ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 66 (7) ◽  
pp. 1230-1242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inês Lima ◽  
Susana M. Moreira ◽  
Jaime Rendón-Von Osten ◽  
Amadeu M.V.M. Soares ◽  
Lúcia Guilhermino
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Contamination ◽  
Mytilus Galloprovincialis ◽  
Western Coast ◽  
Marine Mussel ◽  
Biochemical Responses ◽  
The North ◽  
North Western

scholarly journals Echinoidea from Western Persia

1920 ◽  
Vol 57 (11) ◽  
pp. 500-503 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Gregory ◽  
Ethel Currie
Keyword(s):  
Main Road ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Geological Map ◽  
North Western

THE Geological Department of Glasgow University has recently received from Dr. W. R. Smellie and Mr. J. V. Harrison some fossils collected by them which throw further light on the age of the limestones of the Persian arc at the north-western end of Luristan, about 100 miles north-east of Baghdad. The locality, Gilan, is on a tributary of the Diala, about 30 miles south-east of Kasr-i-Shirin, a well-known station on the main road from Baghdad to Teheran. The geology of this part of the Persian frontier has been investigated by J. de Morgan (Miss. Sci. Perse, vol. iii, pt. i, Étud. Géol., 1905, pp. 71–112), who has given a geological map (ibid., pl. xix) of an area about 60 miles south-east of Gilan. De Morgan has identified there a folded series of Cretaceous and Eocene limestones, with lacustrine and gypsiferous Miocene beds. The locality at which the fossils were collected by Messrs. Smellie and Harrison is in line with the strike of the rocks in the area of de Morgan's map.

scholarly journals A GIS-Based Approach to Inform Agriculture-Water-Energy Nexus Planning in the North Western Sahara Aquifer System (NWSAS)

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (17) ◽  
pp. 7043 ◽  
Author(s):  
Youssef Almulla ◽  
Camilo Ramirez ◽  
Konstantinos Pegios ◽  
Alexandros Korkovelos ◽  
Lucia de Strasser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Mathematical Formulation ◽  
Western Sahara ◽  
Aquifer System ◽  
Water Abstraction ◽  
The North ◽  
Groundwater Source ◽  
Water Scarce ◽  
North Western ◽  
Agriculture Water

The North Western Sahara Aquifer System (NWSAS) is a vital groundwater source in a notably water-scarce region. However, impetuous agricultural expansion and poor resource management (e.g., over-irrigation, inefficient techniques) over the past decades have raised a number of challenges. In this exploratory study, we introduce an open access GIS-based model to help answer selected timely questions related to the agriculture, water and energy nexus in the region. First, the model uses spatial and tabular data to identify the location and extent of irrigated cropland. Then, it employs spatially explicit climatic datasets and mathematical formulation to estimate water and electricity requirements for groundwater irrigation in all identified locations. Finally, it evaluates selected supply options to meet the electricity demand and suggests the least-cost configuration in each location. Results indicate that full irrigation in the basin requires ~3.25 billion million m3 per year. This translates to ~730 GWh of electricity. Fossil fuels do provide the least-cost electricity supply option due to lower capital and subsidized operating costs. Hence, to improve the competitiveness of renewable technologies (RT) (i.e., solar), a support scheme to drop the capital cost of RTs is critically needed. Finally, moving towards drip irrigation can lead to ~47% of water abstraction savings in the NWSAS area.

scholarly journals KLYUCHEVSKOY VOLCANO: NEW FLANK ERUPTION NAMED AFTER G.S. GORSHKOV, 2021 (KAMCHATKA)

2021 ◽  
pp. 5-9
Author(s):  
A.Yu. Ozerov ◽  
◽  
O.A. Girina, ◽  
D.V. Melnikov, ◽  
I.A. Nuzhdaev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lava Flow ◽  
Cinder Cone ◽  
Western Slope ◽  
Flank Eruption ◽  
Associate Member ◽  
North West ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
River Bed ◽  
North Western

February 18, 2021, a flank eruption started on the north-western slope of the Klyuchevskoy Volcano (Kamchatka, Russia). Cinder cone was formed at the altitude of 2 850 m above sea level, from which a lava flow was spreading north-west. Having moved 1.2 km downslope, the lava flow entered the Ehrmann Glacier, which resulted in the formation of huge mud-stone flows. The latter made their way further north-east along the Kruten’kaya River bed and reached the length of about 30 km. The eruption brought onto the surface high-aluminous basaltic andesites typical of the Klyuchevskoy Volcano. By March 21, the flank eruption ended. It has been named after G.S. Gorshkov, associate member of USSR Academy of Science, famous Russian volcanologist.

Demographics and length and weight relationships of commercially important sharks along the north-western coast of India

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 1374-1383 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alissa Barnes ◽  
Dipani Sutaria ◽  
Alastair V. Harry ◽  
Rima W. Jabado
Keyword(s):  
Western Coast ◽  
The North ◽  
Commercially Important ◽  
North Western

scholarly journals VII.—A Description of the Chapel of Saint Erasmus in Westminster Abbey

Archaeologia ◽  
1873 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-99
Author(s):  
J. T. Micklethwaite
Keyword(s):  
Present Condition ◽  
The North ◽  
North Western

The chapel of S. John Baptist, the north-western of the four polygonal chapels which surround the apse of Westminster Abbey, differs from the remaining three in that it is now entered, not by a door in the middle of the screen separating it from the ambulatory, but by a kind of vestibule cut through the northern of the two great piers which fill up the spaces between the last of the rectangular and the first of the polygonal chapels. It is to this vestibule that I wish to call attention, and in doing so I shall first desrcibe it in its present condition, and then point out the various changes which it seems to have undergone, and endeavour to draw some conclusions as to its history and the uses to which it has been put.

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