scholarly journals Topical and intralesional immunotherapy in cutaneous infections

2022 ◽  
Vol 0 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Bini Chandran
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
Standard Treatment ◽  
Molluscum Contagiosum ◽  
Cutaneous Infections ◽  
Recurrent Herpes

Immunotherapy has revolutionized the treatment of extensive and resistant warts. Promising results have extended the role of immunotherapy to other infections such as extensive molluscum contagiosum, recurrent herpes simplex infections, and cutaneous leishmaniasis, which are resistant to standard treatment. This review focuses on topical and intralesional immunotherapy in the management of cutaneous infections.

scholarly journals Immunological Aspects of Acute and Recurrent Herpes Simplex Keratitis

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacek Rolinski ◽  
Iwona Hus
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Ocular Infection ◽  
Corneal Scarring ◽  
Recurrent Herpes ◽  
Chronic Inflammatory Reaction ◽  
Herpes Simplex Keratitis ◽  
Methods Of Treatment ◽  
Therapeutical Options

Herpes simplex keratitis (HSK) belongs to the major causes of visual morbidity worldwide and available methods of treatment remain unsatisfactory. Primary infection occurs usually early in life and is often asymptomatic. Chronic visual impairment and visual loss are caused by corneal scaring, thinning, and vascularization connected with recurrent HSV infections. The pathogenesis of herpetic keratitis is complex and is still not fully understood. According to the current knowledge, corneal scarring and vascularization are the result of chronic inflammatory reaction against HSV antigens. In this review we discuss the role of innate and adaptive immunities in acute and recurrent HSV ocular infection and present the potential future targets for novel therapeutical options based on immune interventions.

scholarly journals The Role of Tissue Resident Memory CD4 T Cells in Herpes Simplex Viral and HIV Infection

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Ray O'Neil ◽  
Kevin Hu ◽  
Naomi Truong ◽  
Sana Arshad ◽  
Barbara Shacklett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Cd4 T Cells ◽  
Sexual Transmission ◽  
Trigeminal Ganglia ◽  
Hiv Replication ◽  
Recurrent Herpes ◽  
Resident Memory T Cells ◽  
Memory Cd4 T Cells

Tissue resident memory T cells (TRM) were first described in 2009. While initially the major focus was on CD8 TRM, there has been recently an increased interest in defining the phenotype and the role of CD4 TRM in diseases. Circulating CD4 T cells seed tissue CD4 TRM, but there also appears to be an equilibrium between CD4 TRM and blood CD4 T cells. CD4 TRM are more mobile than CD8 TRM, usually localized deeper within the dermis/lamina propria and yet may exhibit synergy with CD8 TRM in disease control. This has been demonstrated in herpes simplex infections in mice. In human recurrent herpes infections, both CD4 and CD8 TRM persisting between lesions may control asymptomatic shedding through interferon gamma secretion, although this has been more clearly shown for CD8 T cells. The exact role of the CD4/CD8 TRM axis in the trigeminal ganglia and/or cornea in controlling recurrent herpetic keratitis is unknown. In HIV, CD4 TRM have now been shown to be a major target for productive and latent infection in cervix. In HSV and HIV co-infections, CD4 TRM persisting in the dermis support HIV replication. Further understanding of the role of CD4 TRM and their induction by vaccines may help control sexual transmission by both viruses.

scholarly journals A case of recurrent herpes simplex 2 encephalitis, VZV reactivations, and dominant partial interferon-gamma-receptor-1 deficiency supports relevance of IFNgamma for antiviral defense in humans

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Körholz ◽  
Nicole Richter ◽  
Jochen Schäfer ◽  
Catharina Schuetz ◽  
Joachim Roesler
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Interferon Gamma ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Antiviral Defense ◽  
Case Presentation ◽  
Gamma Receptor ◽  
Recurrent Herpes ◽  
Increased Susceptibility

Abstract Background Unlike infections with mycobacteria, reports of unusual viral infections in interferon-gamma-receptor (IFNγR) deficient patients are scarce. Therefore, discussion about increased susceptibility to viral infections in these patients is ongoing. Case presentation We describe a 51-year-old male with dominant partial interferon-gamma-receptor-1 (IFNγR1)-deficiency and recurrent Herpes simplex 2 meningoencephalitis as well as other viral reactivations since childhood. Conclusions This case further confirms an enhanced risk for viral disease in IFNγR-deficient patients and a role of interferon gamma for human antiviral defense.

scholarly journals Dysfunctional Senescent Herpes Simplex Virus Specific CD57+CD8+ T cells are Associated with Recurrent Symptomatic Herpes in Humans

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lbachir BenMohamed ◽  
Arif A. Khan ◽  
Ruchi Srivastava ◽  
Hawa Vahed
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Herpes Simplex Virus ◽  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Cd8 T Cells ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Recurrent Herpes ◽  
Natural Protection ◽  
Simplex Virus ◽  
And Function

Herpes simplex virus (HSV)-specific CD8+ T cells protect mice from herpes infection and disease. However, the phenotype and function of HSV-specific CD8+ T cells that play a key role in the "natural" protection seen in HSV-1-seropositive healthy asymptomatic (ASYMP) individuals (who have never had clinical herpes disease) remain to be determined. We previously reported that symptomatic (SYMP) patients (who have frequent bouts of recurrent herpes disease) had more less-differentiated and dysfunctional HSV-specific CD8+ T cells. In contrast, healthy ASYMP individuals maintained a significantly higher proportion of differentiated polyfunctional CD8+ T cells. Here we report that, HSV-specific CD8+ T cells from SYMP patients, but not from ASYMP individuals, have phenotypic and functional characteristics of cellular senescence, including: (i) high frequency of senescent (CD57+) and exhausted (PD-1+) CD8+ T cells; (ii) late terminally differentiated (KLRG1+), non-proliferating CD8+ T cells; (iii) HSV-specific CD8+ T cells were declined overtime and were not maintained homeostatistically (CD127+CD8+ T cells); (iv) loss of co-stimulatory molecule (CD28)on HSV-specific CD8+ T cells; (v) decreased production of effector molecules (granzyme B and perforin) by HSV-specific CD8+ T cells. Our findings provide insights into the role of senescence in HSV-specific CD8+ T cells in susceptibility to recurrent herpes and have implications for T-cell-based immunotherapeutic strategies against recurrent herpes in humans.

scholarly journals The Role of Tissue Resident Memory CD4 T Cells in Herpes Simplex Viral and HIV Infection

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 359
Author(s):  
Thomas R. O’Neil ◽  
Kevin Hu ◽  
Naomi R. Truong ◽  
Sana Arshad ◽  
Barbara L. Shacklett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Cd4 T Cells ◽  
Sexual Transmission ◽  
Trigeminal Ganglia ◽  
Hiv Replication ◽  
Recurrent Herpes ◽  
Resident Memory T Cells ◽  
Memory Cd4 T Cells

Tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) were first described in 2009. While initially the major focus was on CD8+ TRM, there has recently been increased interest in defining the phenotype and the role of CD4+ TRM in diseases. Circulating CD4+ T cells seed CD4+ TRM, but there also appears to be an equilibrium between CD4+ TRM and blood CD4+ T cells. CD4+ TRM are more mobile than CD8+ TRM, usually localized deeper within the dermis/lamina propria and yet may exhibit synergy with CD8+ TRM in disease control. This has been demonstrated in herpes simplex infections in mice. In human recurrent herpes infections, both CD4+ and CD8+ TRM persisting between lesions may control asymptomatic shedding through interferon-gamma secretion, although this has been more clearly shown for CD8+ T cells. The exact role of the CD4+/CD8+ TRM axis in the trigeminal ganglia and/or cornea in controlling recurrent herpetic keratitis is unknown. In HIV, CD4+ TRM have now been shown to be a major target for productive and latent infection in the cervix. In HSV and HIV co-infections, CD4+ TRM persisting in the dermis support HIV replication. Further understanding of the role of CD4+ TRM and their induction by vaccines may help control sexual transmission by both viruses.

scholarly journals Novel Composite Efficacy Measure To Demonstrate the Rationale and Efficacy of Combination Antiviral–Anti-Inflammatory Treatment for Recurrent Herpes Simplex Labialis

2013 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 1273-1278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher M. Hull ◽  
Myron J. Levin ◽  
Stephen K. Tyring ◽  
Spotswood L. Spruance
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Topical Therapy ◽  
Randomized Study ◽  
Lesion Size ◽  
Lesion Area ◽  
Recurrent Herpes ◽  
Efficacy Measure ◽  
Episode Duration ◽  
Simplex Virus

ABSTRACTHistorically, the primary target for research and treatment of recurrent herpes simplex labialis (HSL) has been limited to inhibiting herpes simplex virus (HSV) replication. Antiviral monotherapy, however, has proven only marginally effective in curtailing the duration and severity of recurrent lesions. Recently, the role of inflammation in the progression and resolution of recurrences has been identified as an additional target. This was evaluated in a randomized study comparing combination topical 5% acyclovir-1% hydrocortisone cream (AHC) with 5% acyclovir alone (AC; in the AHC vehicle) and the vehicle. The efficacy of each topical therapy was evaluated for cumulative lesion size—a novel composite efficacy endpoint incorporating episode duration, lesion area, and proportion of nonulcerative lesions. In that study, cumulative lesion area was significantly decreased with AHC compared with AC (25% decrease;P< 0.05) and the vehicle (50% decrease;P< 0.0001). As research continues in this arena, cumulative lesion area should be included as a measure of efficacy in clinical trials of recurrent HSL therapies.

Role of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) in the pathogenesis of peptic ulcer disease

2001 ◽  
Vol 120 (5) ◽  
pp. A136-A137
Author(s):  
K TSAMAKIDES ◽  
E PANOTOPOULOU ◽  
D DIMITROULOPOULOS ◽  
M CHRISTOPOULO ◽  
D XINOPOULOS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peptic Ulcer ◽  
Herpes Simplex Virus ◽  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Peptic Ulcer Disease ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Herpes Simplex Virus Type ◽  
Ulcer Disease ◽  
Simplex Virus
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