Difference in energy metabolism and protein retention of limit-fed growing pigs of several breeds.

ABSTRACTAn experiment was conducted to determine the effect of sucrose as an energy source on energy utilization and protein retention by growing pigs. Growing pigs (20 to 50 kg live weight) were restrictively fed (three times maintenance) either a control wheat-based diet (14 MJ digestible energy (DE) per kg), a sucrose-based diet (15 MJ DE per kg) or a wheat-based diet made i so-energetic with the sucrose diet by the addition of oil. Net energy (NE) content of the diet, energy utilization, protein and fat deposition were measured.Both the sucrose- and the iso-energetic wheat-based diets improved energy utilization and increased NE retention. They also increased fat deposition (P < 0·05) but had no effect on protein deposition (P > 0·05) compared with the wheat-based control. Increased DE utilization in the sucrose-based diet appeared due to (i) lower dietary fibre, (ii) a better balance of amino acids, or possibly due to (iii) increased fat synthesis due to sucrose metabolism. The lack of effect of sucrose on protein deposition appeared due to either (i) an increased amino acid requirement as a result of the higher NE content of the diet or (ii) preferential use of sucrose for fat deposition.

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Architecture of a harmonized model of the growing pig for the determination of dietary net energy and protein requirements and of excretions into the environment (IMS Pig)

Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s1357729800053716 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 77 (1) ◽

pp. 113-126 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

D. M. Green ◽

C. T. Whittemore

Keyword(s):

Amino Acid Level ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Metabolizable Energy ◽

Maximum Efficiency ◽

Energy Yield ◽

Net Energy ◽

Nutrient Inputs ◽

Protein Retention ◽

Protein Mass ◽

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AbstractThe model incorporates, amongst its novel components, variable efficiency coefficients in the simulation of the responses of growing pigs to nutrient inputs, and thereby increases the accuracy and efficacy of control of feeding and nitrate excretion. The model determines (rather than is presented with) net energy and required amino acid level and balance. The estimation of protein turn-over as a function of rate of protein retention, protein mass and the maturity of the pig was found to be central to both the energy (ATP) and protein economy. Protein turn-over varied from around 0·14 to 0·08 of the protein mass depending upon the size of the pig. Efficiencies of energy yield from lipid, starch (and sugar), protein and (fibre-derived) volatile fatty acids were calculated to be 0·98, 0·86, 0·56 and 0·58 for ATP production and 0·90, 0·70, 0·50, and 0·44 for lipid retention, respectively. The maximum efficiency of use of ileal digestible amino acids was determined as around 0·85. The energy cost of protein synthesis was equivalent to 4·2 MJ metabolizable energy (ME) per kg, and the efficiency of use of ME for protein retention varied from 0·55 to 0·40 depending on the protein mass of the pig. The components of the model and the biochemical drivers are described in detail, and proof of principle of the main elements is presented. The model is different in its architecture to other published simulation models, and is considered to add to the present knowledge base in this discipline.

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Energy metabolism of growing pigs after transportation, regrouping, and exposure to new housing conditions as affected by feeding level

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.2527/1993.7171754x ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 71 (7) ◽

pp. 1754-1760 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

A. S. del Barrio ◽

J. W. Schrama ◽

W. van der Hel ◽

H. M. Beltman ◽

M. W. A. Verstegen

Keyword(s):

Energy Metabolism ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Housing Conditions ◽

Feeding Level

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Interrelationships Between Energy Intake and Endogenous Porcine Growth Hormone Administration on the Performance, Body Composition and Protein and Energy Metabolism of Growing Pigs Weighing 25 to 55 Kilograms Live Weight

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.2527/jas1988.6671643x ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 66 (7) ◽

pp. 1643 ◽

Cited By ~ 84

Author(s):

R. G. Campbell ◽

N. C. Steele ◽

T. J. Caperna ◽

J. P. McMurtry ◽

M. B. Solomon ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth Hormone ◽

Body Composition ◽

Energy Metabolism ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Live Weight ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Growth Hormone Administration ◽

Hormone Administration

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Studies on energy metabolism in growing pigs II. Protein- and fat gain in growing pigs fed different feed compounds; Efficiency of utilization of metabolizable energy for growth

Livestock Production Science ◽

10.1016/0301-6226(76)90013-0 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 93-94

Author(s):

A.J.H. Van Es

Keyword(s):

Energy Metabolism ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Metabolizable Energy

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Energy metabolism in relation to physical activity in growing pigs as affected by type of dietary carbohydrate.

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.2527/1996.7492220x ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 74 (9) ◽

pp. 2220 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

J W Schrama ◽

M W Verstegen ◽

P H Verboeket ◽

J B Schutte ◽

J Haaksma

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Energy Metabolism ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Dietary Carbohydrate

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Technical review of the energy and protein requirements of growing pigs: protein

Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s1357729800058331 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 73 (3) ◽

pp. 363-373 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

C.T. Whittemore ◽

D.M. Green ◽

P.W. Knap

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Growth Period ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Amino Acid Requirement ◽

Protein Retention ◽

Daily Rate ◽

Endogenous Protein ◽

Amino Acid Requirements ◽

Turn Over

AbstractA review of work reported in the literature was used to present quantitative descriptions of protein use in the growing pig. These are detailed in the text, which also points to preferred values, and to anomalies and lacunae. The review was prepared with the objective of allowing from its content the inclusive and quantitative modelling of amino acid requirement. Requirement was approached as the sum of the component factors: maintenance and protein retention. Ileal true digestible protein and amino acid requirements are presented in a form consistent with that forwarded for energy. Thus both energy and protein elements can be conceptualized within a single coherent framework. Priority uses for absorbed amino acids were assumed to be (a) to support endogenous protein losses resultant from the passage of food and incomplete re-absorption prior to the terminal ileum, (b) to replace lost hair and skin, and (c) to cover the basic maintenance losses which will occur as a result of minimal protein turn-over even when protein retention is zero. The bulk of the protein requirement was directly linked to the daily rate of protein retention, for which the linear-plateau response was accepted. For determination of the maximum rate of protein retention the Gompertz function was proposed, although the use of a single value throughout the growth period was not dismissed. The balance of amino acids for protein retention is specified as different from that for maintenance. Central to the approach was the proposal that the inefficiency of use of ileal digested ideal protein, even when not supplied in excess, was an expression of protein losses occurring as a result of protein turn-over. The requirement for the satisfaction of the losses from protein turn-over occurring as a consequence of protein retention, and therefore additional to the requirements for maintenance, was identified. Quantification was attempted with sufficient success to warrant its inclusion into requirement estimation. It was concluded that this element addressed previously inadequately explained protein utilization inefficiencies. Algorithms are presented based upon protein turn-over which appear to be consistent with empirical findings.

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