Venous blood gases of varicocele veins: correlation with testicular blood flow and semen quality in varicocele patients

ABSTRACTContextExperimental studies on Klinefelter syndrome (KS) reported increased intratesticular testosterone (T) levels coexisting with reduced circulating levels. Abnormalities in testicular microcirculation have been claimed; however, no studies investigated in vivo testicular blood flow dynamics in humans with KS.ObjectiveTo analyze the testicular microcirculation in KS by contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) and correlate vascular parameters with endocrine function.Design and SettingProspective study. University Settings.Patients51 testicular scans, 17 testes from 10 T-naïve subjects with KS and 34 testes from age-matched eugonadal men (CNT) who underwent CEUS for incidental nonpalpable testicular lesions.Main OutcomesCEUS kinetic parameters.ResultsCEUS revealed slower testicular perfusion kinetics in subjects with KS than in age-matched CNT. Specifically, the wash-in time (Tin, p = 0.008), mean transit time (MTT, p = 0.008), time to peak (TTP, p < 0.001), and washout time (Tout 50%, p = 0.008) were all prolonged. Faster testicular blood flow was associated with higher total T levels. Principal component analysis and multiple linear regression analyses confirmed the findings, and supported a role for reduced venous blood flow as independent predictor of total T levels.ConclusionsTesticular venous blood flow is altered in KS and independently predicts T peripheral release.

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The Contribution of Arterial Blood Gases in Cerebral Blood Flow Regulation and Fuel Utilization in Man at High Altitude

Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism ◽

10.1038/jcbfm.2015.4 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 35 (5) ◽

pp. 873-881 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Christopher K Willie ◽

David B MacLeod ◽

Kurt J Smith ◽

Nia C Lewis ◽

Glen E Foster ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Flow ◽

Cerebral Blood Flow ◽

High Altitude ◽

Cerebral Metabolism ◽

Venous Blood ◽

Blood Gases ◽

Cerebrovascular Reactivity ◽

Arterial Blood Gases ◽

Arterial Blood ◽

Cerebrovascular Function

The effects of partial acclimatization to high altitude (HA; 5,050 m) on cerebral metabolism and cerebrovascular function have not been characterized. We hypothesized (1) increased cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) at HA; and (2) that CO2 would affect cerebral metabolism more than hypoxia. PaO2 and PaCO2 were manipulated at sea level (SL) to simulate HA exposure, and at HA, SL blood gases were simulated; CVR was assessed at both altitudes. Arterial–jugular venous differences were measured to calculate cerebral metabolic rates and cerebral blood flow (CBF). We observed that (1) partial acclimatization yields a steeper CO2-H+ relation in both arterial and jugular venous blood; yet (2) CVR did not change, despite (3) mean arterial pressure (MAP)-CO2 reactivity being doubled at HA, thus indicating effective cerebral autoregulation. (4) At SL hypoxia increased CBF, and restoration of oxygen at HA reduced CBF, but neither had any effect on cerebral metabolism. Acclimatization resets the cerebrovasculature to chronic hypocapnia.

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Cardiovascular adjustments to laboratory diving in beavers and nutria

AJP Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpregu.1982.242.5.r434 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 242 (5) ◽

pp. R434-R440

Author(s):

T. McKean

Keyword(s):

Blood Flow ◽

Cardiac Output ◽

Regional Blood Flow ◽

Castor Canadensis ◽

Venous Blood ◽

Regional Distribution ◽

Blood Gases ◽

Myocastor Coypus ◽

Recovery From Anesthesia ◽

Rate Of Decline

Beavers (Castor canadensis) and nutria (Myocastor coypus) were anesthetized with halothane and catheters placed in the left ventricle, aorta and pulmonary artery, right ventricle or right atrium. The animals were strapped to a board and following recovery from anesthesia the following measurements were taken: regional distribution of blood flow, cardiac output, O2 consumption, arterial and venous blood gases, and pH. The animal was then immersed in 15-20 degrees C water for up to 2.75 min (nutria) or 4 min (beaver) and the measurements repeated. Heart rate and cardiac output decreased by 80 and 75%, respectively. Arterial and venous oxygen partial pressure and content fell as did pH whereas CO2 pressures rose during diving. Oxygen consumption at rest was 124 and 102% of that predicted on the basis of body mass for the beaver and nutria, respectively. Rate of decline of O2 stores during diving decreased by 93% in beavers and 89% in nutria compared to the predive value. Regional blood flow decreased to all organs except the adrenals, heart, and lungs. Blood flow to the brain increased during diving.

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Segment stroke work and metabolism depend on coronary blood flow in the pig

AJP Heart and Circulatory Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpheart.1978.234.5.h597 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 234 (5) ◽

pp. H597-H607 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

D. F. Stowe ◽

D. G. Mathey ◽

W. Y. Moores ◽

S. A. Glantz ◽

R. M. Townsend ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Flow ◽

Carotid Artery ◽

Myocardial Ischemia ◽

Mechanical Performance ◽

Venous Blood ◽

Lactate Production ◽

Blood Gases ◽

Metabolic Effects ◽

Stroke Work ◽

Blood Flows

We determined the mechanical and metabolic effects of graded myocardial ischemia in 23 open-chest, anesthetized pigs. By connecting the midportion of the left anterior descending artery (LAD) to the carotid artery via a constant volume, calibrated pump, we reduced the flow in the LAD to 0, 25, 50, and 75% of control rates for periods of 1 h. Flows of 100% and 150% were also examined. Using pairs of ultrasonic crystals to measure segment dimensions, we calculated segment shortening and thickening, and total and systolic stroke work in the ischemic and normally perfused segments. Blood gases, pH, and lactate and inosine balances were determined from the regional coronary venous blood. At coronary blood flows of 0, 25, 50, and 75% of normal resting flow, total segment work was 8 +/- 8, 25 +/- 4, 51 +/- 5, and 80 +/- 6% of control, respectively, while systolic segment work was -2 +/- 5, -10 +/- 5, 40 +/- 5, and 86 +/- 7% of control, respectively (means +/- SE). Thus, the decrease in total segment stroke work is proportional to the decrease in flow over the range 0-100%. However, no useful work (i.e., systolic work) is done until flow exceeds 25%. Segment shortening and thickening are significantly depressed with flows diminished by only 25%. Segmental inosine production correlates with lactate production and parallels decreased mechanical performance.

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661 Renal, femoral arterial blood flow velocity waveforms, and umbilical venous blood gases in intrauterine growth restriction fetuses

American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology ◽

10.1016/s0002-9378(01)80695-5 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 185 (6) ◽

pp. S259

Author(s):

Yoon Kim ◽

Tae-Bok Song ◽

Ji Byun

Keyword(s):

Blood Flow ◽

Flow Velocity ◽

Blood Flow Velocity ◽

Intrauterine Growth Restriction ◽

Venous Blood ◽

Blood Gases ◽

Growth Restriction ◽

Arterial Blood Flow ◽

Intrauterine Growth ◽

Arterial Blood

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Testicular microvascular flow is altered in Klinefelter syndrome and predicts circulating testosterone

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism ◽

10.1210/clinem/dgab605 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Francesco Carlomagno ◽

Carlotta Pozza ◽

Marta Tenuta ◽

Riccardo Pofi ◽

Luigi Tarani ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Flow ◽

Klinefelter Syndrome ◽

Mean Transit Time ◽

Venous Blood ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

Principal Component ◽

Endocrine Function ◽

Venous Blood Flow ◽

Testicular Blood Flow

Abstract Context Experimental studies on Klinefelter syndrome (KS) reported increased intratesticular testosterone (T) levels coexisting with reduced circulating levels. Abnormalities in testicular microcirculation have been claimed; however, no studies investigated in vivo testicular blood flow dynamics in humans with KS. Objective To analyze the testicular microcirculation in KS by contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) and correlate vascular parameters with endocrine function. Design and Setting Prospective study. University Setting. Patients 68 testicular scans, 34 testes from 19 T-naïve subjects with KS and 34 testes from age-matched eugonadal men (CNT) who underwent CEUS for incidental nonpalpable testicular lesions. Main Outcomes. CEUS kinetic parameters. Results CEUS revealed slower testicular perfusion kinetics in subjects with KS than in age-matched CNT. Specifically, the wash-in time (Tin, p = 0.018), mean transit time (MTT, p = 0.035), time to peak (TTP, p < 0.001), and washout time (Tout 50%, p = 0.004) were all prolonged. Faster testicular blood flow was associated with higher total T levels. Principal component analysis and multiple linear regression analyses confirmed the findings, and supported a role for reduced venous blood flow as independent predictor of total T levels. Conclusions Testicular venous blood flow is altered in KS and independently predicts T peripheral release.

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Correlation between Testicular Hemodynamic and Semen Quality Indices in Clinical Varicocele Patients in Pakistan

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2019/7934328 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Khaleeq Ur Rehman ◽

Hafsa Zaneb ◽

Abdul Basit Qureshi ◽

Muhammad Shahbaz Yousaf ◽

Ahsan Numan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Flow ◽

Semen Quality ◽

Color Doppler ◽

Resistive Index ◽

Arterial Blood Flow ◽

Semen Parameters ◽

Apparent Lack ◽

Progressive Motility ◽

Arterial Blood ◽

Testicular Blood Flow

Varicocele, a vascular event, is associated with infertility due to testicular damage that causes abnormal spermatogenesis in males. The goal of this study is to ascertain the diagnostic significance of scrotal color Doppler ultrasonography (CDUS) by measuring peak systolic value (PSV) and resistive index (RI) of the arteries supplying blood to the testis and their association with semen quality attributes. Sixty prospective patients (age: 20-50 years) undergoing microsurgical varicocelectomy at a teaching hospital were included in the study. Semen parameters and CDUS were recorded and testicular blood flow was determined as PSV and RI of subcapsular artery and intraparenchymal artery of the testes. Nonparametric statistics was applied to test the correlation/association of the semen quality with the PSV, RI, and other variables. Results revealed a significant negative correlation (r = -0.28; p < 0.05) between progressive motility of spermatozoa and resistive index of the intraparenchymal arterial blood flow. Furthermore, it was noticed that the progressive motility of spermatozoa was tended to be negatively correlated (r = -0.236) with resistive index of subcapsular arterial blood flow. In conclusion, this study has revealed that progressive motility of sperms has correlation with the intraparenchymal blood flow of testes. The progressive motility of sperms could be correlated with RI of testicular blood flow. The apparent lack of association between diameter of varicocele vein and semen quality signifies the need of investigating some other factors that may be involved in pathogenicity of varicocele. The diagnostic value of CDUS may be carefully interpreted and clinically correlated in assessment of severity of varicocele.

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EFFECT OF INJECTED HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIN ON CAPILLARY PERMEABILITY, EXTRACELLULAR FLUID VOLUME AND THE FLOW OF LYMPH AND BLOOD IN THE TESTES OF RATS

Journal of Endocrinology ◽

10.1677/joe.0.0910245 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 91 (2) ◽

pp. 245-254 ◽

Cited By ~ 81

Author(s):

B. P. SETCHELL ◽

R. M. SHARPE

Keyword(s):

Blood Flow ◽

Capillary Permeability ◽

Venous Blood ◽

Extracellular Fluid ◽

Chorionic Gonadotrophin ◽

Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin ◽

Lymph Flow ◽

Male Rats ◽

Testicular Cells ◽

Testicular Blood Flow

The subcutaneous injection of human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) into adult male rats caused appreciable rises in capillary permeability and lymph flow in the testis, accompanied by smaller rises in the volume of extratubular, extracellular fluid. Most of these changes were already apparent 8 h after injection, but became progressively greater during the next 12 h. Testicular blood flow was unchanged at 12 h but increased slightly between 12 and 16 h after injection. The primary effect is probably the increase in capillary permeability. The timing of these changes suggests that HCG does not affect the capillaries directly, but it would seem that the changes are due to some substances secreted by the testis in response to the HCG. It is clear that these changes will have important influences both on the access to the testicular cells of peptide hormones in the blood and also on the passage into the venous blood of hormones secreted by the testis.

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