The role of bacterial colonization in the pathophysiology of hidradenitis suppurativa

In recent years, the role of human microbiota as a short- and long-term health promoter and modulator has been affirmed and progressively strengthened. In the course of one’s life, each subject is colonized by a great number of bacteria, which constitute its specific and individual microbiota. Human bacterial colonization starts during fetal life, in opposition to the previous paradigm of the “sterile womb”. Placenta, amniotic fluid, cord blood and fetal tissues each have their own specific microbiota, influenced by maternal health and habits and having a decisive influence on pregnancy outcome and offspring outcome. The maternal microbiota, especially that colonizing the genital system, starts to influence the outcome of pregnancy already before conception, modulating fertility and the success rate of fertilization, even in the case of assisted reproduction techniques. During the perinatal period, neonatal microbiota seems influenced by delivery mode, drug administration and many other conditions. Special attention must be reserved for early neonatal nutrition, because breastfeeding allows the transmission of a specific and unique lactobiome able to modulate and positively affect the neonatal gut microbiota. Our narrative review aims to investigate the currently identified pre- and peri-natal factors influencing neonatal microbiota, before conception, during pregnancy, pre- and post-delivery, since the early microbiota influences the whole life of each subject.

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Serum Concentration and Skin Expression of S100A7 (Psoriasin) in Patients Suffering from Hidradenitis Suppurativa

Dermatology ◽

10.1159/000510689 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Aleksandra Batycka-Baran ◽

Wojciech Baran ◽

Danuta Nowicka-Suszko ◽

Maria Koziol-Gałczyńska ◽

Andrzej Bieniek ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Serum Concentration ◽

Hidradenitis Suppurativa ◽

Protein Concentration ◽

Normal Skin ◽

Innate Immune ◽

Antimicrobial Protein ◽

Healthy Controls ◽

Serum Concentrations ◽

Reactive Protein

Background: Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease. An important role of innate immune dysregulation in the pathogenesis of HS has been highlighted. S100A7 (psoriasin) is an innate, antimicrobial protein that exerts proinflammatory and chemotactic action. Objectives: The objective of the study was to investigate serum concentrations of S100A7 in individuals with HS as compared to healthy controls. Further, we evaluated the expression of S100A7 in lesional HS skin as compared to perilesional (clinically uninvolved) HS skin and normal skin. Methods: Serum concentrations of S100A7 were evaluated with a commercially available ELISA kit. The expression of S100A7 in the skin was assessed using qRT-PCR and immunofluorescence staining. Results: We found increased expression of S100A7 in lesional HS skin as compared to perilesional HS skin (p = 0.0017). The expression of S100A7 in lesional HS skin was positively associated with serum C-reactive protein concentration and the severity of disease according to Hurley staging. The serum concentration of S100A7 in individuals with HS was decreased as compared to healthy controls and patients with psoriasis. Conclusions: Upregulated in lesional HS skin, S100A7 may enhance the inflammatory process and contribute to the HS pathogenesis.

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GSDMD contributes to host defence against Staphylococcus aureus skin infection by suppressing the Cxcl1–Cxcr2 axis

Veterinary Research ◽

10.1186/s13567-021-00937-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 52 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Zhen-Zhen Liu ◽

Yong-Jun Yang ◽

Feng-Hua Zhou ◽

Ke Ma ◽

Xiao-Qi Lin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Skin Infection ◽

Bacterial Colonization ◽

Critical Role ◽

Host Defence ◽

Skin Damage ◽

Microbial Infection ◽

Caspase 1 ◽

Deficient Mice

AbstractGasdermin D (GSDMD), a member of the gasdermin protein family, is a caspase substrate, and its cleavage is required for pyroptosis and IL-1β secretion. To date, the role and regulatory mechanism of GSDMD during cutaneous microbial infection remain unclear. Here, we showed that GSDMD protected against Staphylococcus aureus skin infection by suppressing Cxcl1–Cxcr2 signalling. GSDMD deficiency resulted in larger abscesses, more bacterial colonization, exacerbated skin damage, and increased inflammatory cell infiltration. Although GSDMD deficiency resulted in defective IL-1β production, the critical role of IL-1β was counteracted by the fact that Caspase-1/11 deficiency also resulted in less IL-1β production but did not aggravate disease severity during S. aureus skin infection. Interestingly, GSDMD-deficient mice had increased Cxcl1 secretion accompanied by increased recruitment of neutrophils, whereas Caspase-1/11-deficient mice presented similar levels of Cxcl1 and neutrophils as wild-type mice. Moreover, the absence of GSDMD promoted Cxcl1 secretion in bone marrow-derived macrophages induced by live, dead, or different strains of S. aureus. Corresponding to higher transcription and secretion of Cxcl1, enhanced NF-κB activation was shown in vitro and in vivo in the absence of GSDMD. Importantly, inhibiting the Cxcl1–Cxcr2 axis with a Cxcr2 inhibitor or anti-Cxcl1 blocking antibody rescued host defence defects in the GSDMD-deficient mice. Hence, these results revealed an important role of GSDMD in suppressing the Cxcl1–Cxcr2 axis to facilitate pathogen control and prevent tissue damage during cutaneous S. aureus infection.

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Hidradenitis suppurativa – The role of interleukin-17, the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and the link to a possible fungal aetiology

Medical Hypotheses ◽

10.1016/j.mehy.2021.110530 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 149 ◽

pp. 110530

Author(s):

Daniel B. Yidana

Keyword(s):

Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor ◽

Hidradenitis Suppurativa ◽

Interleukin 17 ◽

Aryl Hydrocarbon

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The Role of Exopolysaccharides in Oral Biofilms

Journal of Dental Research ◽

10.1177/0022034519845001 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 98 (7) ◽

pp. 739-745 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

C. Cugini ◽

M. Shanmugam ◽

N. Landge ◽

N. Ramasubbu

Keyword(s):

Biofilm Formation ◽

Bacterial Colonization ◽

Super Resolution ◽

Extracellular Proteins ◽

Extracellular Polysaccharides ◽

Oral Biofilms ◽

The Matrix ◽

Oral Microbes ◽

Biofilm Development

The oral cavity contains a rich consortium of exopolysaccharide-producing microbes. These extracellular polysaccharides comprise a major component of the oral biofilm. Together with extracellular proteins, DNA, and lipids, they form the biofilm matrix, which contributes to bacterial colonization, biofilm formation and maintenance, and pathogenesis. While a number of oral microbes have been studied in detail with regard to biofilm formation and pathogenesis, the exopolysaccharides have been well characterized for only select organisms, namely Streptococcus mutans and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. Studies on the exopolysaccharides of other oral organisms, however, are in their infancy. In this review, we present the current research on exopolysaccharides of oral microbes regarding their biosynthesis, regulation, contributions to biofilm formation and stability of the matrix, and immune evasion. In addition, insight into the role of exopolysaccharides in biofilms is highlighted through the evaluation of emerging techniques such as pH probing of biofilm colonies, solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance for macromolecular interactions within biofilms, and super-resolution microscopy analysis of biofilm development. Finally, exopolysaccharide as a potential nutrient source for species within a biofilm is discussed.

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