An Empirical Analysis on the Relationship between Health Care Expenditures and Economic Growth in the European Union Countries

This paper empirically investigates the relationship between health expenditure and economic growth in the European Union countries over the period 1995-2014. By using the Dumitrescu-Hurlin Test (Dumitrescu and Hurlin, 2012) which is developed to test Granger causality in panel datasets (Lopez and Weber, 2017), it is found that there is a unidirectional relationship between these variables and gross domestic product (GDP) per capita Granger causes health expenditure per capita. After determining the direction of the relationship between health expenditure per capita and GDP per capita we estimate the short run and the long run effects of GDP per capita on health expenditure per capita by using Mean Group (MG) and Pooled Mean Group (PMG) estimators which are developed by Pesaran and Smith (1995) and Pesaran, Shin and Smith (1999) respectively. According to the estimation results, GDP per capita has a positive effect on health expenditure per capita both in the short run and the long run.

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Economic Growth and Environmental Quality in the European Union Countries – Is there Evidence for the Environmental Kuznets Curve?

International Journal of Management and Economics ◽

10.1515/ijme-2015-0018 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 45 (1) ◽

pp. 108-126 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Anna Mazur ◽

Zaur Phutkaradze ◽

Jaba Phutkaradze

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

European Union ◽

Co2 Emissions ◽

Environmental Kuznets Curve ◽

Carbon Dioxide Emission ◽

Gdp Per Capita ◽

Kuznets Curve ◽

The European Union ◽

European Union Countries ◽

Per Capita

Abstract This research empirically explores the relation between carbon dioxide emission and economic growth during the period 1992-2010, using panel data on the European Union countries. Both fixed and random effect models are employed to test the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) relationship between CO2 emissions and GDP per capita. While no U-shaped EKC was confirmed empirically for all 28 current EU member states, the graphical analysis demonstrates a justified turning point for CO2 emissions as GDP per capita reaches the level of 23,000 USD. Furthermore, there is a firm empirical ground for the EKC hypothesis based on data from 16 older, relatively high-income EU states. Thus, though not empirically confirmed, there is ample data verifying the existence of the EKC in EU economies.

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THE CONTRIBUTION OF MIGRATION TO ECONOMIC GROWTH: THE EXAMPLE OF THE CITY OF ZAGREB

EMC Review - Časopis za ekonomiju - APEIRON ◽

10.7251/emc2101201m ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Vinko Miličević ◽

Danijel Knežević ◽

Zoran Bubaš

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

European Union ◽

Economic Activity ◽

Economic Benefits ◽

Gdp Per Capita ◽

The European Union ◽

Per Capita ◽

The Republic ◽

The Impact ◽

The City

The problems in this paper belong to the field of migration and economy. The connection between migration and the economy has been proven on a global level, and as far as the Republic of Croatia is concerned, it is especially important to observe it through the City of Zagreb, which is the most important migration and economic center in the Republic of Croatia. Also, the accession of the Republic of Croatia to the European Union emphasized the observation and research of this connection because it created the preconditions for freer movement and employment of the population of the Republic of Croatia and the City of Zagreb within the European Union. The aim of this paper is to determine the contribution of migration to the economic growth of the City of Zagreb. The hypothesis presented in the paper is that there is a significant contribution of migration to the economic growth of the City of Zagreb. The disposition of the paper consists of six parts. The introduction explains the relevance of the topic, states the aim of the paper and hypotheses, explains the empirical part, the contribution of the paper and the disposition. The second part of the paper refers to the theoretical framework of the impact of migration on economic growth. The third part of the paper presents the migration processes of the City of Zagreb in the period from 2011 to 2018. The fourth part deals with economic activity in the City of Zagreb in the period from 2011 to 2017. The observed indicators of economic activity in the City of Zagreb are GDP and GDP per capita, and the graph in this part of the paper shows that GDP and GDP per capita in the observed period are higher at the end of the period than at the beginning. The fifth part of the paper refers to the empirical research of the contribution of migration to the economic growth of the City of Zagreb. The empirical part of the paper is based on correlations and regression analyses. This paper proves the hypothesis because the results indicate a significant impact of the variables of total and external migration on the GDP of the City of Zagreb and GDP per capita of the City of Zagreb. Decision-makers in the City of Zagreb can use the results of the research as a basis for maximizing the economic benefits they can get from migration. The conclusion provides an overview of the aim of the work, the results of the research, the limitations, the implications and the recommendations for future research.

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The Relative Effects of Economic Growth, Environmental Pollution and Non-Communicable Diseases on Health Expenditures in European Union Countries

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph16245115 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (24) ◽

pp. 5115 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Daniel Badulescu ◽

Ramona Simut ◽

Alina Badulescu ◽

Andrei-Vlad Badulescu

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

European Union ◽

Environmental Pollution ◽

Health Expenditure ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Health Expenditures ◽

Communicable Diseases ◽

Non Communicable Diseases ◽

European Union Countries ◽

Short Run

National and global health policies are increasingly recognizing the key role of the environment in human health development, which is related to its economic and social determinants, such as income level, technical progress, education, quality of jobs, inequality, education or lifestyle. Research has shown that the increase of GDP (Gross Domestic Product) per capita can provide additional funds for health but also for environmental protection. However, often, economic growth is associated with the accelerated degradation of the environment, and this in turn will result in an exponential increase in harmful emissions and will implicitly determine the increasing occurrence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), mainly cardiovascular diseases, cancers and respiratory diseases. In this paper, we investigate the role and effects of economic growth, environmental pollution and non-communicable diseases on health expenditures, for the case of EU (European Union) countries during 2000–2014. In order to investigate the long-term and the short-term relationship between them, we have employed the Panel Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) method. Using the Pedroni-Johansen cointegration methods, we found that the variables are cointegrated. The findings of this study show that economic growth is one of the most important factors influencing the health expenditures both in the long- and short-run in all the 28 EU countries. With regards to the influence of CO2 emissions on health expenditure, we have found a negative impact in the short-run and a positive impact on the long-run. We have also introduced an interaction between NCDs and environmental expenditure as independent variable, a product variable. Finally, we have found that in all the three estimated models, the variation in environmental expenditure produces changes in NCDs’ effect on health expenditure.

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The Relationship between Government Debt and Social Welfare

Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan ◽

10.29259/jep.v19i1.13786 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 125-134

Author(s):

Muhammad Kivlan Reftreka Nugraha ◽

Hefrizal Handra

Keyword(s):

Social Welfare ◽

Negative Correlation ◽

Government Debt ◽

Poverty Rate ◽

Gdp Per Capita ◽

Poverty Level ◽

Long Run ◽

Short Run ◽

Per Capita ◽

The Relationship

This study aims to analyze the relationship between government debt and social welfare in Indonesia in 1980-2019. The data used in this research is secondary data using time series data. The analysis used is the Error Correction Model (ECM). The findings result from the first model show that in the short-run, additional debt-to-GDP was not significant to the poverty level and GDP per capita. Meanwhile, the long-run, additional debt-to-GDP is significant to the poverty level and GDP per capita. The results also find that in the long run additional debt-to-GDP is positively correlated with poverty levels in Indonesia, meaning that additional debt-to-GDP increases the poverty rate in Indonesia. For GDP per capita, additional debt-to-GDP has a negative correlation. The inflation, tax-to-GDP, and GDP are not significant to the poverty rate in the short-run. Meanwhile, the long run, the additional debt-to-GDP ratio and GDP variable is significant to the poverty rate, and has a positif and negative correlation. The findings from second model also indicate that population and inflation are significant and positively correlated with the poverty level, but tax-to-GDP ratio is not significant on GDP per capita in the short-run. Meanwhile, the long run, the population and tax-to-GDP are significant to GDP per capita. Total population has a positive correlation, while tax-to-GDP ratio has a negative correlation.

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The Differential Impact of Financial Intermediation on Economic Growth in Oil-Dependent Economies

Review of Economic Analysis ◽

10.15353/rea.v10i3.1447 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 267-284

Author(s):

Anthony Anyanwu ◽

Christopher Gan ◽

Baiding Hu

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

Panel Cointegration ◽

Bank Credit ◽

Gdp Per Capita ◽

Differential Impact ◽

Pooled Mean Group ◽

Long Run ◽

Panel Cointegration Test ◽

Per Capita ◽

The Relationship

This paper analyses the relationship between bank credit and economic growth. We extend existing literature by treating separately the oil and non-oil sectors of 28 oil-dependent economies from 1990-2012. We employ panel cointegration and pooled mean group estimation techniques which are appropriate for drawing conclusions from dynamic heterogenous panels. The results of the panel cointegration test indicate that bank credit has no significant long-run relationship with non-oil GDP per capita. The results of the pooled mean group estimator reveal no significant long-run impact of bank credit on non-oil GDP per capita. Overall results suggest that banks do not yet provide adequate credit to stimulate non-oil economic growth. The policy implication of our findings is that the financial sector should be more involved in productive investment activities to promote inclusive growth.

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Higher education institutions, economic growth and GDP per capita in European Union countries

European Planning Studies ◽

10.1080/09654313.2018.1480707 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 26 (8) ◽

pp. 1616-1637 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

José M. Pastor ◽

Carlos Peraita ◽

Lorenzo Serrano ◽

Ángel Soler

Keyword(s):

Higher Education ◽

Economic Growth ◽

European Union ◽

Higher Education Institutions ◽

Gdp Per Capita ◽

European Union Countries ◽

Per Capita

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Government expenditure and economic growth in the European Union countries: New evidence

Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series ◽

10.1515/bog-2017-0020 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 36 (36) ◽

pp. 127-133 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Marta Pascual Sáez ◽

Santiago Álvarez-García ◽

Daniela Castañeda Rodríguez

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

European Union ◽

Government Spending ◽

Government Expenditure ◽

The European Union ◽

The Public ◽

European Union Countries ◽

The Impact ◽

New Evidence ◽

The Relationship

AbstractThis paper provides new evidence of the impact of government spending on economic growth in the European Union countries. Governments can adjust their levels of spending in order to influence their economies, although the relationship between these variables can be positive or negative, depending on the countries included in the sample, the period of estimation and the variables which reflect the size of the public sector. The results obtained based on regression and panel techniques suggest that government expenditure is not clearly related with economic growth in the European Union countries over the period 1994-2012.

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Determinants of Household Debt in Botswana: 1994-2012

Journal of Economics and Public Finance ◽

10.22158/jepf.v1n1p14 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 14 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Faith M. Zimunya ◽

Mpho Raboloko

Keyword(s):

Interest Rates ◽

Money Supply ◽

Gdp Per Capita ◽

Household Debt ◽

Vector Error Correction ◽

Vector Error ◽

Long Run ◽

Short Run ◽

Per Capita ◽

The Relationship

The paper identifies the factors that are influential in determining the growth of household debt in Botswana. Understanding the relationship between household debt and other economic indicators is an important step towards formulating focused and effective policies that control the effects of household debt on the whole economy. Using quarterly data from the first quarter of 1994 to the second quarter of 2012, the paper employs the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) to analyse the influence of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita, interest rates, inflation, household consumption and money supply on household debt. The findings indicate that GDP per capita, interest rates and money supply determine changes in household debt in the long-run. Further analysis shows that lagged household debt, interest rates and money supply influence changes in household debt in the short-run.

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Exploring Economic Growth and Environment Nexus in Nine Southeastern European Countries

Economic Themes ◽

10.2478/ethemes-2018-0015 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 56 (2) ◽

pp. 253-268

Author(s):

Petar Mitić ◽

Slobodan Cvetanović

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

Co2 Emissions ◽

Renewable Energy Sources ◽

Gdp Per Capita ◽

Speed Of Adjustment ◽

Long Run ◽

Short Run ◽

Policy Measures ◽

Per Capita ◽

Trading Scheme

Abstract This paper investigates the interdependence between environmental degradation (CO2 emissions) and economic growth (GDP per capita) in nine SEE countries over the period 1992 – 2016. The results of Granger causality testing indicate that in the short run there is a positive bidirectional causal relationship between CO2 emissions and GDP per capita, but in the long run, there is causality running just from GDP per capita to CO2 emissions, with the 2.0279% speed of adjustment. In pursuit of adequate policy measures, SEE countries need to work on inclusion of non-EU countries into European Union’s Emissions Trading Scheme, further developing carbon taxation policies and using renewable energy sources on a larger scale.

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