Investigating the potential role of innovation and clean energy in mitigating the ecological footprint in N11 countries

This paper seeks to explore the potential function of technological innovation and clean power in mitigating the ecological footprint in the N-11 nations during the phase 1992–2015 by applying panel cointegration analysis. The outcomes of the panel cointegration test signify the occurrence of a long-run relation among the clean energy (CE) variable, the ecological footprint (EF) variable, the per capita GDP (Y) variable, the financial development (FIN) variable, and technological innovation (TI) variable. The outcomes of the VECM signify a long-run causal relation from the ecological footprint (EF) variable to the clean energy (CE) variable, the GDP per capita (Y) variable, and technological innovation (TI) variable. This implies that the environmental degradation faced by the N-11 countries leads to shifting toward clean energy sources and technological innovation in the long run. Thus, the N-11 countries are in need to design policies that enhance shifting toward environmentally friendly energy sources.

Bridging Household Income Gap: Malaysia

The purpose of this paper is to examine the long run and the short run relationship between household income gap, physical capital, human capital, and technological progress in Malaysia. Based on the Solow's growth model, this study applied the panel cointegration estimation of the full modified ordinary least square (FMOLS), as well as the Granger causality analysis. The result showed that there is a short run and long run relationship running from physical capital, human capital, technological progress towards the income gap of M40 and B40 groups of households. This study is unique because it addresses the income gap between a group of households of the bottom 40% and middle 40% across all states in Malaysia.

Cointegration between Economic, Ecological and Tourism Development

The well-developed countries have more options to attract tourists and generate profit from the tourism development. At the same time, the high volume of CO2 emissions, ecological risks, polluted nature restrict the tourism development in the country. The reorientation of global development to green growth provokes transformations in all policies of the country’s development. It allows green countries to attract more tourists. In this case, the paper aims to analyze the relationships between economic growth, ecological indicators, and tourism development. Ukraine has chosen the EU vector of development. In this case, it is necessary to identify the targets for synchronizing the Ukrainian policies (economic, ecological, social, tourism, etc.) with the EU. The objects of the investigation were Ukraine and Visegrad countries for 2000-2020 years. The panel data was generated from World Data Bank, Eurostat, European Environmental Agency, and Ukrstat. The dependent variable – GDP (as an indicator of economic growth), independent – greenhouse gas emissions and share of renewable energy in the total energy consumption (ecological indicators), the volume of tourists (indicators of tourism development). At the first stage, the study used bibliometric analysis to identify publication activities’ general tendency on the analyzed issues. The following methods were applied to check the hypothesis on cointegration between variables: panel unit root test, Pedroni panel cointegration tests, and the fully modified ordinary least squares and dynamic ordinary least squares panel cointegration techniques. The findings confirmed the relationships between economic, ecological, and tourism development. Thus, the decline of greenhouse gas emissions leads to increasing tourists, and as a consequence, it provokes GDP growth.

Asymmetric Relationship of Global Human Obesity and Political Globalization Through World Human Development Levels

Background: Political globalization is a crucial and distinct component of strengthening global organizations. Obesity is a global epidemic in a few nations, and it is on the verge of becoming a pandemic that would bring plenty of diseases. The focus of this research is to see how the political globalization index affects worldwide human obesity in relation to global human development levels. Methods: In order to assess any cross-sectional dependence among observed 109 nations, the yearly period from 1990 to 2017 is analyzed using second generation panel data methods. KAO panel cointegration test and Feasible Generalized Least Square model were used to meet our objectives. Results: Low level of political Globalization tends to increase global human obesity because countries cannot sway international decisions and resources towards them. While the high level of political Globalization tends to reduce obesity because they can control and amends the international decisions. For the regression model, a feasible Generalized Least Square model was utilized. The study observed that the R squared values for all models are healthy, with a minimum of 87 percent variables explaining differences in global obesity at the country level. Conclusion: There is a very important to tackle globalization issue to reduce global human obesity. Simplicity of dietary options and the amount of physical labour they undergo in their agricultural duties, an increase in rural population percentage tends to lower the average national obesity value.

Financial Development and Macroeconomic Performance: A Cointegration Approach

The paper tests the existence of long-term relations between all the IMF financial development indices and some macroeconomic performance indicators applying panel cointegration tests in a panel with 46 countries, and in a panel including only the sub-sample of the 27 EU countries over the interval 1990-2019. Overall, there are no significant differences between the results obtained for the whole sample and the panel including only the EU countries. The results obtained clearly point to the existence of cointegration between the financial development indices and the real Gross Domestic Product, as well as with the inflation, the unemployment rate, the current account, and the net international investment position. The results also show that there are no significant differences between the results obtained for the financial institutions and for the financial markets indices. Moreover, the results related to the specific aspects addressed by the IMF indices very well demonstrate that much more important than the simple access to or the depth of the financial institutions and markets is the efficiency of these institutions and markets.

Investigating Environmental Kuznets Curve: A Panel Data Analysis for India

The main objective of this study is to examine the relevance of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis in describing the relationship between air pollution and development of a panel of 21 Indian states, using data for the period 2001–2016. This article attempts to use panel unit root, the panel cointegration test and panel dynamic ordinary least square approach to examine the relationship among various variables, including the atmospheric concentration of sulphur dioxide (SO2)/nitrogen dioxide (NO2), net state domestic product, social sector expenditure and other variables used as a proxy for the composition effect and development effect. The empirical analysis indicates that there exists a long-term relationship between the concentration of SO2 and NO2 with per capita income and other variables. In terms of the EKC hypothesis, the findings recommend the existence of a cubic relationship in the long run and emphasise the need to bring environment-friendly structural changes in economic activity and to enhance sustainable development through technological innovation.