scholarly journals TRANSACTION COSTS FOR PROVIDING SERVICES TO A PARTICIPANT IN FOREIGN ECONOMIC ACTIVITY FOR CONNECTING TO THE ELECTRONIC DECLARATION SYSTEM OF THE FEDERAL CUSTOMS SERVICE OF RUSSIA

2020 ◽  
pp. 128-134
Author(s):  
N. V. Shuvalova
Keyword(s):  
Transaction Costs ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Implicit Transaction Costs

The essence of costs in the organizational interaction between participants of external economic activity and the market in the case of connection to the electronic Declaration system has been revealed. This type of cost is classified as transactional. The expenses faced by participants in foreign economic activity at the present time when connecting to the electronic Declaration system have been identified and disclosed. It has been found that the existence of intermediaries in the process of providing such services leads to transaction costs of an explicit type Seven groups of implicit transaction costs also have been highlighted. Various approaches to measuring transaction costs have been considered, a partial use of ordinalist and cardinalist approaches has been proposed.

Analysis of Externalities of Economic Activity of the Enterprise

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (2) ◽  
pp. 86-94
Author(s):  
Dmytro V. Kozlov
Keyword(s):  
Transaction Costs ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Environmental Externalities ◽  
Negative Externalities ◽  
Time Duration ◽  
Marginal Costs ◽  
Positive Externalities ◽  
State And Market ◽  
The Impact

The problems of research of internalities and externalities with the further development of the general classification of externalities of economic activity of the enterprise are defined. The influence of negative and positive externalities on society and enterprise is considered. The concept of negative externalities differs from transaction costs. It is noted that transaction costs can be reflected in cash and can be offset by market inclusion in the price of the products, but this is not possible for externalities. It is emphasized that the purpose of economic activity of any enterprise is to exceed the positive externalities over the negative and achieve the maximum difference between them. The different time duration of the impact of the enterprise on third parties is given. The sign of externalities on the scale of action is emphasized. The externalities of the enterprise are considered in their essence according to the principles of sustainable development, highlighting economic, social and environmental externalities. It is emphasized that economic externalities can arise in the course of the whole business cycle of full-fledged work of all parts of the enterprise. In contrast to economic, social externalities affect people both within the enterprise, that is workers and citizens of the society in which the enterprise operates. And when it comes to environmental externalities, the mediator between the source and recipient of externalities is the environment. Externalities are distinguished according to the means of accounting and the degree of influence on the subject of perception. The necessity of regulation of externalities through internalization and actions of the enterprise with the help of state and market instruments is substantiated. It is emphasized that internalization is the transformation of negative externalities into positive ones in terms of convergence of marginal costs and benefits of the enterprise to marginal social costs and utility.

scholarly journals Paying Attention: Overnight Returns and the Hidden Cost of Buying at the Open

2012 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 715-741 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henk Berkman ◽  
Paul D. Koch ◽  
Laura Tuttle ◽  
Ying Jenny Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Transaction Costs ◽  
Investor Sentiment ◽  
Strong Tendency ◽  
Retail Investors ◽  
Hidden Cost ◽  
Retail Investor ◽  
Implicit Transaction Costs

AbstractWe find a strong tendency for positive returns during the overnight period followed by reversals during the trading day. This behavior is driven by an opening price that is high relative to intraday prices. It is concentrated among stocks that have recently attracted the attention of retail investors, it is more pronounced for stocks that are difficult to value and costly to arbitrage, and it is greater during periods of high overall retail investor sentiment. The additional implicit transaction costs for retail traders who buy high-attention stocks near the open frequently exceed the effective half spread.

scholarly journals IMPLICIT TRANSACTION COSTS AND THE FUNDAMENTAL THEOREMS OF ASSET PRICING

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (04) ◽  
pp. 1750024 ◽  
Author(s):  
ERINDI ALLAJ
Keyword(s):  
Asset Pricing ◽  
Transaction Costs ◽  
Price Impact ◽  
Quadratic Variation ◽  
Trading Strategies ◽  
Arbitrage Pricing Theory ◽  
Bid Ask Spread ◽  
Bid Price ◽  
Equivalent Probability Measure ◽  
Implicit Transaction Costs

This paper studies arbitrage pricing theory in financial markets with implicit transaction costs. We extend the existing theory to include the more realistic possibility that the price at which the investors trade is dependent on the traded volume. The investors in the market always buy at the ask and sell at the bid price. Implicit transaction costs are composed of two terms, one is able to capture the bid-ask spread, and the second the price impact. Moreover, a new definition of a self-financing portfolio is obtained. The self-financing condition suggests that continuous trading is possible, but is restricted to predictable trading strategies having cádlág (right-continuous with left limits) and cáglád (left-continuous with right limits) paths of bounded quadratic variation and of finitely many jumps. That is, cádlág and cáglád predictable trading strategies of infinite variation, with finitely many jumps and of finite quadratic variation are allowed in our setting. Restricting ourselves to cáglád predictable trading strategies, we show that the existence of an equivalent probability measure is equivalent to the absence of arbitrage opportunities, so that the first fundamental theorem of asset pricing (FFTAP) holds. It is also shown that the use of continuous and bounded variation trading strategies can improve the efficiency of hedging in a market with implicit transaction costs. To better understand how to apply the theory proposed we provide an example of an implicit transaction cost economy that is linear and nonlinear in the order size.

scholarly journals Transaction Analysis of Business-Ecosystems

2021 ◽  
pp. 138-147
Author(s):  
S. N. Kukushkin
Keyword(s):  
Transaction Costs ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Organizational Form ◽  
Business Organization ◽  
Business Organizations ◽  
Business Ecosystem ◽  
Business Ecosystems ◽  
Transaction Analysis ◽  
Legal Forms

Business-ecosystem is a rather new organizational form of interaction on market between customer and producer, which is used widely today by business-organizations of different organization and legal forms and types of economic activity. The article provides the analysis of business-ecosystems in view of the theory of transaction costs. The terms ‘ecosystem' was initially proposed to describe the environment of mutual existence of different biological beings. Later it was used for depicting the environment of business-organization. In this environment various antipodes exist and interact. At first sight they should avoid collaboration with each other, but in fact mutual coexistence intensifies every participant and fosters their development, therefore, they shall find forms and means of co-existence. In spite of the fact that business-ecosystem is a rather new trend in research in the field of economy and management, certain approaches to research and classification of the phenomenon have been created. The author in view of neo-institutional theory proves that business-ecosystem meets all classical canons, therefore it functions as a classical business-organization with similar goals and relevant tools.

Algorithmic Trading and Transaction Costs

2020 ◽  
pp. 189-219
Author(s):  
George Chalamandaris ◽  
Dimitrios Antonopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Transaction Costs ◽  
Hedge Fund ◽  
Relative Volume ◽  
Trading Strategies ◽  
Algorithmic Trading ◽  
Price Momentum ◽  
Out Of Sample ◽  
High Level ◽  
Implicit Transaction Costs

“Algos” are algorithmic trading strategies that are meant to optimize the execution quality of the trades in terms of transaction costs and market-timing. This chapter presents the transaction costs taxonomy and popular algorithmic execution strategies. Authors empirically examine a dataset of hedge fund transactions. Our results suggest that implicit transaction costs are characterized by a significant buy-sell asymmetry. To get some insight about the possible determinants of Implicit Transaction Costs, authors investigate the algo type and stock characteristics such as market capitalization, relative volume, inverse prior close, price momentum, buy indicator and trade duration. Both in-sample and out-of-sample tests show that a significant portion of transaction costs can be anticipated before the trade execution. Results show that high-level execution strategies can be constructed to optimize the algo choice.

scholarly journals Explicit and Implicit Transaction Costs in Dairy Farms in West Bandung District

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 246-258
Author(s):  
Litna Nurjannah Ginting ◽  
◽  
Nunung Kusnasdi ◽  
Rachmat Pambudy ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transaction Costs ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Implicit Transaction Costs

The Hired Gun as Facilitator: Lawyers and the Suppression of Business Disputes in Silicon Valley

1996 ◽  
Vol 21 (03) ◽  
pp. 679-712 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark C. Suchman ◽  
Mia L. Cahill
Keyword(s):  
Transaction Costs ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Silicon Valley ◽  
High Technology ◽  
Law Firms ◽  
Legal Regime ◽  
Local Practices ◽  
Start Up ◽  
Local Law

This article draws on interview data from California's Silicon Valley to explore the role of local business attorneys in shaping the market for high-technology start-up financing. Far from exerting a disruptive or disputatious influence on business relations, Silicon Valley lawyers actively facilitate the functioning of the region's venture capital sector. In particular, attorneys intervene in the start-up process to absorb, suppress, and avert crucial uncertainties that might otherwise elevate transaction costs, imperil economic activity, and foster interorganizational discord. Local law firms moderate the hazards of new-company financing in at least three distinct ways: (1) by directly absorbing economic uncertainties in individual transactions; (2) by constructing, preserving, and reproducing normative and cognitive understandings within the community as a whole; and (3) by incorporating these local practices into the external legal regime.

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