Level of Urban Infrastructure Services and Coping Mechanisms of Households

Basic infrastructure services like clean water, proper sewage and sanitation, etc. are important attributes in urbanization of a city to make it healthy, livable, and sustainable. Goal 6 of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) aims to ensure clean water and sanitation for all. Access to clean drinking water and basic sanitation facilities are crucial requirements for good health. Issues like intermittent supply, poor water quality, and low-pressure cause unreliable situations due to which community members resort to various coping strategies. Coping strategies are influenced by the household's level of education, income, and the level of unreliability of the service. The coping mechanisms used by the households are costly, and the poor people end up paying more because of the hidden cost. The poor water supply services result in induced costs by the residents in terms of the time costs for water collection and illness due to disease and water treatment costs. Because of these induced costs, the urban poor end up spending more for a clean and reliable water supply.

Next Steps for Conservation Agriculture

The origins, history, and recent advances in Conservation Agriculture (CA) are reported. CA is now practiced worldwide on some 200 million hectares, important for mitigating climate change and ensuring food security. Its bedrock is Zero Tillage (ZT) with crop rotation and retention of crop residues. CA approaches Or-19 ganic Agriculture (OA) when coupled to biological control providing opportunity for OA to become truly sustainable. Ley Farming (LF) and agroforestry with ZT are important for carbon sequestration and land use intensification. Hidden cost: each ton of carbon immobilizes 83 kg of N, 29 kg of P, and 14 kg of S. Industry-backed Regenerative Agriculture (RA) variants have no scientific definition, but generally adopt CA. Sustainable, profitable, and compatible new technologies are emerging and CA needs to embrace them to present a holistic, sustainable package to the farmer. How? A single definition for agricultural sustainability via a multi-stakeholder world congress would standardize certification and de-confuse the market. RA describes exactly what CA does for soil health and all farmers need to unite around a new “Combined Regenerative Agriculture” (CRA) to lobby for adequate payments for environmental services. Expansion of CA is critical for world sustainability. Many gaps and constraints exist, especially for smallholders.

The Pursuit of Happiness: A Calculation of the Hidden Costs of Being Black in the 21st Century

There is no shortage of evidence documenting glaring disparities on important socioeconomic and health indicators between White and Black Americans. Persistent racial disparities are the consequence of a historic system of structural racism. Given ongoing inequities in nearly every realm of American life, we aim to calculate the contemporary cost of racial inequity. We contribute to a growing body of literature concerning the “hidden cost” of being Black by employing a novel methodological approach and centering a paradigm of intersectionality ( Crenshaw, 1991 ; Shapiro, 2004 ). Specifically, we account for the disparities in health and income between Blacks and Whites by using the compensating and equivalent surplus frameworks to calculate willingness to accept (WTA) and willingness to pay (WTP) estimates. We estimate the WTP to avoid the disparity in health, income, and wellbeing between Black and White Americans, to be between approximately $38,000 and $45,000 per year per person using the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System as well as the General Social Survey, respectively. These estimates can be interpreted as the annual willingness to pay by an average White person to avoid the disparities in income and health experienced by the average Black person.

Footprints in the cloud: the hidden cost of IT infrastructure

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the hidden carbon footprint of corporate big data infrastructures and provide guidance for communicators responsible for corporate ESG and reputation. Design/methodology/approach It is based on a subjective view of the literature on this topic, selecting relevant examples. Findings The authors found that consciousness within corporations of the carbon footprint of their own information technology infrastructures is low and only a few companies have a strategy for identifying it. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first treatment of this subject from the perspective of the corporate owner of ESG and reputation.

Carbon footprint: the (not so) hidden cost of high performance computing

Scientists, empowered by huge amounts of computing power, storage and memory are making world changing discoveries — including to help combat climate change. Loïc Lannelongue, a PhD student at the University of Cambridge, explores how high performance computing itself can lighten its carbon contribution.

Turnover Intention in Non-Governmental Organisation (NGOs): A Case Study of Recreation Society at Kuantan, Pahang

The hidden cost caused by employee turnover is inevitable. In filling in the vacancy of a position, the causes of turnover will affect the cycling systems. Low turnover rate is essential to an organization’s human resources department as it shows an excellent indicator of budgeting and training cost. This study aims to examine the significant relationship between the factors namely organizational commitment, job stress, job satisfaction and reward satisfaction with turnover intention among committee members in recreation society at Kuantan, Pahang. The sample size of respondents from this society selected in Kuantan, Pahang is 169 from 316 of the population sizes. Stratified random sampling technique was chosen in achieving the objectives of this study because it is a systematic data collection method. The data for this study was collected from the questionnaires distributed to the respondents by using Google form. Altogether, there are four independent variables and one dependent variable. Statistical Package for Social Science version 23 (SPSS) was employed to perform data analysis of the study. The study discovered that organizational commitment, job stress, job satisfaction, and reward satisfaction have significant relationships with turnover intention. These factors like organizational commitment, job stress, job satisfaction and reward Satisfaction are suitable in predicting and analysing organizational behaviour regarding human resource management. Hence, it is crucial to study turnover intentions in organizational management. Keywords: Non-Governmental Organisation, Committees Members, Turnover Intention, Organisational Behaviour