scholarly journals Mechanisms of action by antimicrobial agents: A review

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Som Prabh Singh ◽  
Ammar Qureshi ◽  
Wail Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Antimicrobial Therapy ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Associated Conditions ◽  
Microbiological Research

Microorganisms and associated conditions make up some of the world’s leading causes of death and have the potential to cause a significant societal effect during pandemic states. Despite such significance in the healthcare field, attention and funding directed towards microbiological research lags its cohorts in cancer and cardiovascular disease. In the current SAR-CoV-2 pandemic, the importance of practicing clinicians and providers to remain knowledgeable on antimicrobial therapy for their patients is higher than ever before. The scope of this review is to provide clinicians a semi-comprehensive, up-to-date understanding of the mechanisms of action among antimicrobial agents as well as key distinctions in clinical manifestations of pathogens.

Acute Bacterial Meningitis

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen L. Roos
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Meningitis ◽  
Lumbar Puncture ◽  
Antimicrobial Therapy ◽  
Subarachnoid Space ◽  
Cerebral Arteries ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Empirical Therapy ◽  
Patient Positioning ◽  
Acute Bacterial Meningitis ◽  
Associated Conditions

Acute bacterial meningitis is a life-threatening infection. By definition, meningitis is an infection of the meninges and the subarachnoid space. Bacterial meningitis is associated with an inflammatory response that involves the meninges, the subarachnoid space, the brain parenchyma, and the cerebral arteries and veins. As such, bacterial meningoencephalitis is the more accurate descriptive term. This chapter discusses the epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology and pathogenesis, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment, complications, and prognosis of the disease. The discussion of diagnosis covers clinical manifestations, physical examination findings, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. The discussion of treatment covers empirical therapy, specific antimicrobial therapy, and dexamethasone therapy. Graphs compare causative organisms and clinical manifestations of community-acquired meningitis. Illustrations depict proper patient positioning for detecting nuchal rigidity, Kernig sign, Brudzinski sign, and lumbar puncture, as well as a sagittal view of a lumbar puncture needle as it is advanced into the subarachnoid space. An algorithm delineates the approach to the patient with symptoms and signs of bacterial meningitis. Tables outline bacterial pathogens based on predisposing and associated conditions, cerebrospinal fluid diagnostic studies for meningitis, the appearance of the organism on a Gram stain, empirical antimicrobial therapy based on predisposing and associated conditions, recommendations for specific antibiotic therapy in bacterial meningitis, and recommended doses for antibiotics commonly used in the treatment of bacterial meningitis.   This review contains 8 highly rendered figures, 6 tables, and 75 references.

Acute Bacterial Meningitis

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen L. Roos
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Meningitis ◽  
Lumbar Puncture ◽  
Antimicrobial Therapy ◽  
Subarachnoid Space ◽  
Cerebral Arteries ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Empirical Therapy ◽  
Patient Positioning ◽  
Acute Bacterial Meningitis ◽  
Associated Conditions

Acute bacterial meningitis is a life-threatening infection. By definition, meningitis is an infection of the meninges and the subarachnoid space. Bacterial meningitis is associated with an inflammatory response that involves the meninges, the subarachnoid space, the brain parenchyma, and the cerebral arteries and veins. As such, bacterial meningoencephalitis is the more accurate descriptive term. This chapter discusses the epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology and pathogenesis, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment, complications, and prognosis of the disease. The discussion of diagnosis covers clinical manifestations, physical examination findings, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. The discussion of treatment covers empirical therapy, specific antimicrobial therapy, and dexamethasone therapy. Graphs compare causative organisms and clinical manifestations of community-acquired meningitis. Illustrations depict proper patient positioning for detecting nuchal rigidity, Kernig sign, Brudzinski sign, and lumbar puncture, as well as a sagittal view of a lumbar puncture needle as it is advanced into the subarachnoid space. An algorithm delineates the approach to the patient with symptoms and signs of bacterial meningitis. Tables outline bacterial pathogens based on predisposing and associated conditions, cerebrospinal fluid diagnostic studies for meningitis, the appearance of the organism on a Gram stain, empirical antimicrobial therapy based on predisposing and associated conditions, recommendations for specific antibiotic therapy in bacterial meningitis, and recommended doses for antibiotics commonly used in the treatment of bacterial meningitis.   This review contains 8 highly rendered figures, 6 tables, and 75 references.

Acute Bacterial Meningitis

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen L. Roos
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Meningitis ◽  
Lumbar Puncture ◽  
Antimicrobial Therapy ◽  
Subarachnoid Space ◽  
Cerebral Arteries ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Empirical Therapy ◽  
Patient Positioning ◽  
Acute Bacterial Meningitis ◽  
Associated Conditions

Acute bacterial meningitis is a life-threatening infection. By definition, meningitis is an infection of the meninges and the subarachnoid space. Bacterial meningitis is associated with an inflammatory response that involves the meninges, the subarachnoid space, the brain parenchyma, and the cerebral arteries and veins. As such, bacterial meningoencephalitis is the more accurate descriptive term. This chapter discusses the epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology and pathogenesis, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment, complications, and prognosis of the disease. The discussion of diagnosis covers clinical manifestations, physical examination findings, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. The discussion of treatment covers empirical therapy, specific antimicrobial therapy, and dexamethasone therapy. Graphs compare causative organisms and clinical manifestations of community-acquired meningitis. Illustrations depict proper patient positioning for detecting nuchal rigidity, Kernig sign, Brudzinski sign, and lumbar puncture, as well as a sagittal view of a lumbar puncture needle as it is advanced into the subarachnoid space. An algorithm delineates the approach to the patient with symptoms and signs of bacterial meningitis. Tables outline bacterial pathogens based on predisposing and associated conditions, cerebrospinal fluid diagnostic studies for meningitis, the appearance of the organism on a Gram stain, empirical antimicrobial therapy based on predisposing and associated conditions, recommendations for specific antibiotic therapy in bacterial meningitis, and recommended doses for antibiotics commonly used in the treatment of bacterial meningitis.   This review contains 8 highly rendered figures, 6 tables, and 75 references.

Acute Bacterial Meningitis

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen L. Roos
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Meningitis ◽  
Lumbar Puncture ◽  
Antimicrobial Therapy ◽  
Subarachnoid Space ◽  
Cerebral Arteries ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Empirical Therapy ◽  
Patient Positioning ◽  
Acute Bacterial Meningitis ◽  
Associated Conditions

Acute bacterial meningitis is a life-threatening infection. By definition, meningitis is an infection of the meninges and the subarachnoid space. Bacterial meningitis is associated with an inflammatory response that involves the meninges, the subarachnoid space, the brain parenchyma, and the cerebral arteries and veins. As such, bacterial meningoencephalitis is the more accurate descriptive term. This chapter discusses the epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology and pathogenesis, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment, complications, and prognosis of the disease. The discussion of diagnosis covers clinical manifestations, physical examination findings, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. The discussion of treatment covers empirical therapy, specific antimicrobial therapy, and dexamethasone therapy. Graphs compare causative organisms and clinical manifestations of community-acquired meningitis. Illustrations depict proper patient positioning for detecting nuchal rigidity, Kernig sign, Brudzinski sign, and lumbar puncture, as well as a sagittal view of a lumbar puncture needle as it is advanced into the subarachnoid space. An algorithm delineates the approach to the patient with symptoms and signs of bacterial meningitis. Tables outline bacterial pathogens based on predisposing and associated conditions, cerebrospinal fluid diagnostic studies for meningitis, the appearance of the organism on a Gram stain, empirical antimicrobial therapy based on predisposing and associated conditions, recommendations for specific antibiotic therapy in bacterial meningitis, and recommended doses for antibiotics commonly used in the treatment of bacterial meningitis.   This chapter contains 8 highly rendered figures, 6 tables, 75 references, 1 teaching slide set, and 5 MCQs.

Septic Shock

1992 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 90-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret M. Parker ◽  
Mitchell P. Fink
Keyword(s):  
Septic Shock ◽  
Supportive Care ◽  
Antimicrobial Therapy ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Sepsis Syndrome ◽  
Adjunctive Treatment ◽  
Cardiovascular Changes ◽  
The Past ◽  
Sepsis And Septic Shock ◽  
Very High

The incidence of sepsis and septic shock has been increasing dramatically over the past 10 years. Despite advances in antimicrobial therapy, the mortality of septic shock remains very high. We review the clinical manifestations of sepsis and septic shock and describe the cardiovascular manifestations. Pathophysiology of the cardiovascular changes is discussed, and mediators believed to be involved in the pathogenesis are reviewed. Management of septic shock is also discussed, including antimicrobial therapy, supportive care, and adjunctive treatment aimed at affecting the mediators involved in producing the sepsis syndrome.

scholarly journals Life expectancy and mortality in 363 cities of Latin America

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Usama Bilal ◽  
◽  
Philipp Hessel ◽  
Carolina Perez-Ferrer ◽  
Yvonne L. Michael ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Noncommunicable Diseases ◽  
Modifiable Factors ◽  
Specific Mortality ◽  
Latin American Countries

AbstractThe concept of a so-called urban advantage in health ignores the possibility of heterogeneity in health outcomes across cities. Using a harmonized dataset from the SALURBAL project, we describe variability and predictors of life expectancy and proportionate mortality in 363 cities across nine Latin American countries. Life expectancy differed substantially across cities within the same country. Cause-specific mortality also varied across cities, with some causes of death (unintentional and violent injuries and deaths) showing large variation within countries, whereas other causes of death (communicable, maternal, neonatal and nutritional, cancer, cardiovascular disease and other noncommunicable diseases) varied substantially between countries. In multivariable mixed models, higher levels of education, water access and sanitation and less overcrowding were associated with longer life expectancy, a relatively lower proportion of communicable, maternal, neonatal and nutritional deaths and a higher proportion of deaths from cancer, cardiovascular disease and other noncommunicable diseases. These results highlight considerable heterogeneity in life expectancy and causes of death across cities of Latin America, revealing modifiable factors that could be amenable to urban policies aimed toward improving urban health in Latin America and more generally in other urban environments.

2015 Nelson's Pediatric Antimicrobial Therapy

2015 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Antimicrobial Therapy ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Complete Information ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Dosing Regimens

New! This bestselling and widely used resource on pediatric antimicrobial therapy provides instant access to reliable, up-to-the-minute recommendations for treatment of all infectious diseases in children. For each disease, the authors provide a commentary to help health care providers select the best of all antimicrobial choices. Drug descriptions cover all antimicrobial agents available today, and include complete information about dosing regimens. In response to growing concerns about overuse of antibiotics, the book includes guidelines on when not to prescribe antimicrobials. Key 21st edition features! Contents

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