scholarly journals China's Energy Security:  Going Beyond the Traditional Approach

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Yang Gao
Keyword(s):  
Energy Security ◽  
Traditional Approach ◽  
Detailed Examination ◽  
External Energy ◽  
The West ◽  
Sharp Rise ◽  
Security Vulnerabilities ◽  
Policy Responses ◽  
Security Challenges ◽  
Growing Economy

<p>China's rapidly growing economy has seen a sharp rise in energy consumption and correspondingly a new focus on energy security. Over the last decade, China has adopted an energy security approach emphasizing its external energy supply, especially oil supply, which is quite similar to the approach established in industrialized Western countries (IWCs) since the 1970s' energy crises. However, China‟s energy situation is profoundly different from the West with over 90 percent of its energy being produced domestically and nearly 70 percent being coal-based. To explain why the approach in China is similar to that of major IWCs, I demonstrate that while the IWCs constructed their energy security concept and subsequent policy responses on their energy situation, China's approach has largely been influenced by a domestic ideational factor and Western energy security concept. By providing a detailed examination of China's energy situation, highlighting the unique energy security vulnerabilities and threats it faces, I argue current mainstream energy security thinking in China does not match its comprehensive energy situation. It is therefore not adequate to address its energy security challenges. The thesis concludes that, a 'broader' energy security approach, going beyond the traditional thinking, should be developed to incorporate more energy sectors and domestic energy issues in China.</p>

scholarly journals China's Energy Security:  Going Beyond the Traditional Approach

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Yang Gao
Keyword(s):  
Energy Security ◽  
Traditional Approach ◽  
Detailed Examination ◽  
External Energy ◽  
The West ◽  
Sharp Rise ◽  
Security Vulnerabilities ◽  
Policy Responses ◽  
Security Challenges ◽  
Growing Economy

<p>China's rapidly growing economy has seen a sharp rise in energy consumption and correspondingly a new focus on energy security. Over the last decade, China has adopted an energy security approach emphasizing its external energy supply, especially oil supply, which is quite similar to the approach established in industrialized Western countries (IWCs) since the 1970s' energy crises. However, China‟s energy situation is profoundly different from the West with over 90 percent of its energy being produced domestically and nearly 70 percent being coal-based. To explain why the approach in China is similar to that of major IWCs, I demonstrate that while the IWCs constructed their energy security concept and subsequent policy responses on their energy situation, China's approach has largely been influenced by a domestic ideational factor and Western energy security concept. By providing a detailed examination of China's energy situation, highlighting the unique energy security vulnerabilities and threats it faces, I argue current mainstream energy security thinking in China does not match its comprehensive energy situation. It is therefore not adequate to address its energy security challenges. The thesis concludes that, a 'broader' energy security approach, going beyond the traditional thinking, should be developed to incorporate more energy sectors and domestic energy issues in China.</p>

THE TRUMP ADMINISTRATION’S APPROACH TO ENERGY SECURITY IN POLAND AND THE BALTIC STATES

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1/2020) ◽  
pp. 33-67
Author(s):  
Olga Stevanovic
Keyword(s):  
Energy Security ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Baltic States ◽  
Realist Theory ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Security Challenges ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Baltic

The subject of this paper encompasses US policy towards Poland and the Baltic States regarding energy security during Donald Trump’s presidency. It is discernible that vast domestic energy resources have created an opportunity for the US to project more power to these countries, and the surrounding region. We argue that Trump and his administration’s perceptions have served as an intervening variable in that opportunity assessment, in accordance with the neoclassical realist theory. The main research question addressed in this paper is whether US has used that opportunity to contribute to energy security in countries it has traditionally deemed as allies. Two aspects of US approach to energy security of the designated countries are taken into consideration: liquified natural gas exports and support for the Three Seas Initiative. The way Trump presented his policy and its results in his public statements has also been considered in this paper. The article will proceed as follows. The first subsection of the paper represents a summary of energy security challenges in Poland and the Baltic States. The second subsection is dedicated to the opportunity for the US to project energy power and to Trump’s perceptions relevant for the opportunity assessment. The third subsection deals with American LNG exports to these countries as a possible way for contributing to energy security in Poland and the Baltic States. The last part of the paper addresses the Three Seas Initiative and US approach to this platform.

scholarly journals Climate Crises and the Creation of ‘Undeserving’ Victims

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Stanley
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Degradation ◽  
The West ◽  
Liberal Democracies ◽  
Environmental Threats ◽  
Policy Responses ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Climate Crisis

This paper explores how advanced liberal democracies respond to climate migrants in ways that reflect colonial logics and practices. With a focus on the Pacific, it reflects on three constructions of climate crisis victims. First, as savages—those incapable of adapting or thriving under catastrophic environmental threats and who need to be saved by ‘the West’. Secondly, as threats—the hordes who will threaten white civilization and who must be sorted, excluded, detained and deported. Thirdly, as ‘non-ideal’ victims—those undeserving of full legal protections but who may survive under hostile conditions in receiving states. These political and policy responses create systemic harms and injustice for those who struggle under or must flee environmental degradation, and they function to ensure that those most to blame for climate crises are prioritized as having least responsibility to take action. The paper concludes with consideration of socially just responses to those most affected from climate harms.

scholarly journals A NEW BENT-TOED GECKO SPECIES OF THE GENUS Cyrtodactylus GRAY, 1827 (SQUAMATA : GEKKONIDAE) FROM THE WEST BALI NATIONAL PARK, BALI, INDONESIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-70
Author(s):  
A.A. Thasun Amarasinghe ◽  
◽  
Awal Riyanto ◽  
Mumpuni Mumpuni ◽  
Lee L. Grismer
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
National Park ◽  
Detailed Examination ◽  
Type Material ◽  
Morphological Examination ◽  
The West ◽  
Biogeographic Regions

A new bent-toed gecko species of the genus Cyrtodactylus is described herein from West Bali National Park on the island of Bali, Indonesia. The Cyrtodactylus from Bali have been recognized as C. fumosus for nearly a century. However, recent detailed examination of the type material of C. fumosus has revealed that Balinese Cyrtodactylus represent at least one different species. A morphological examination of the new species and samples from different biogeographic regions revealed that the new species is similar to C. seribuatensis from Pulau Seribuat in West Malaysia. Morphologically, the new species can be distinguished from its congener by having 40–43 femoro-precloacal pores (vs 10–12 precloacal pores, 14–16 femoral pores), 40–48 ventral scales between ventrolateral folds (vs 28–39), 24–29 rows of dorsal tubercles (vs 27–35), and presence of tubercles on lateral skinfold (vs absent).

Vulnerability Analysis and Defenses in Wireless Networks

2008 ◽  
pp. 129-144
Author(s):  
Lawan A. Mohammed ◽  
Biju Issac
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Networks ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Denial Of Service ◽  
Denial Of Service Attacks ◽  
Critical Component ◽  
Dos Attacks ◽  
Security Vulnerabilities ◽  
Wired Networks ◽  
Security Challenges ◽  
Network Vulnerabilities

This chapter shows that the security challenges posed by the 802.11 wireless networks are manifold and it is therefore important to explore the various vulnerabilities that are present with such networks. Along with other security vulnerabilities, defense against denial of service attacks is a critical component of any security system. Unlike wired networks where denial of service attacks has been extensively studied, there is a lack of research for preventing such attacks in wireless networks. In addition to various vulnerabilities, some factors leading to different types of denial of service (DoS) attacks and some defense mechanisms are discussed in this chapter. This can help to better understand the wireless network vulnerabilities and subsequently more techniques and procedures to combat these attacks may be developed by researchers.

Part II Predominant Security Challenges and International Law, Economic and Resource Security, Ch.25 Energy Security in International Law

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morgandi Tibisay ◽  
Viñuales Jorge E
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Energy Security ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Fuel Production ◽  
World Energy ◽  
Security Challenges ◽  
Legal Frameworks

This chapter investigates the concept of ‘energy security’, understood as the ‘uninterrupted availability of energy resources at an affordable price’. Importantly, according to this definition, the ‘availability’ of energy resources is measured against existing energy demand, and threats to energy security are therefore threats to the supply of enough energy to meet existing energy demand. Energy supply depends upon both domestic and international factors which are so interconnected that it is difficult to distinguish where one starts and the other ends. What is clear, however, is that international law plays a fundamental role in addressing many threats to energy security. The chapter looks at existing threats to energy security and the international legal frameworks that have been established in response. The challenges to energy security include an exponential increase in world energy demand, shortages of national oil and gas deposits, the need to reduce dependence on fossil fuel production in order to counteract climate change, as well as risks of geopolitical instability. The chapter then focuses on the mechanisms aimed to ensure that the flow of energy remains uninterrupted and at an affordable price, as well as on those mechanisms aimed at increasing access to energy resources.

19. Strategic Studies: The West and the Rest

2018 ◽  
pp. 329-347
Author(s):  
Amitav Acharya ◽  
Jiajie He
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Western World ◽  
Strategic Culture ◽  
The West ◽  
China And India ◽  
Security Challenges ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
Strategic Studies

This chapter examines the limitations and problems of strategic studies with respect to security challenges in the global South. It first considers the ethnocentrism that bedevils strategic studies and international relations before discussing mainstream strategic studies during the cold war. It then looks at whether strategic studies kept up with the changing pattern of conflict, where the main theatre is the non-Western world, with particular emphasis on the decline in armed conflicts after the end of the cold war, along with the problem of human security and how it has been impacted by technology. It also explores the issue of whether to take into account non-military threats in strategic studies and the debates over strategic culture and grand strategy in China and India. It concludes by proposing Global International Relations as a new approach to strategic studies that seeks to adapt to the strategic challenges and responses of non-Western countries.

China’s External Energy Security: Energy Trade and Investment Along the ‘Belt and Road’

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 195-220
Author(s):  
Anatole Boute
Keyword(s):  
Energy Policy ◽  
Energy Security ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
Chinese Foreign Policy ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
External Energy ◽  
Energy Trade ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Trade And Investment ◽  
The Belt And Road

Abstract As the world’s largest energy consumer, China’s energy security policies have significant implications for global, regional and national energy governance. However, the legal dimension of China’s external energy security remains understudied, with most attention in the energy law literature focused on EU and US energy security. This Special Issue studies the legal aspects of Chinese external energy cooperation by focusing on energy trade and investment under the ‘Belt and Road Initiative’ – the Chinese foreign policy concept aiming to promote regional and global economic integration through infrastructure interconnectivity. Three research questions govern the Special Issue. How does China’s external energy policy rely on, and impact on, regional and global energy market governance? How does China seek to protect its foreign energy investments? How does China’s external energy policy impact on host countries’ energy and investment laws?

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