scholarly journals Patterns of Temporal and Spatial Variability of Sponge Assemblages

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Jade Berman
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
South Coast ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Variability ◽  
Taxonomic Distinctness ◽  
Monitoring Methods ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Temporal Factors ◽  
A Site

<p>The primary goals of this thesis were to understand the spatial and temporal pattern of sponge assemblage variation over a variety of scales and investigate suitable monitoring methods for sponge assemblages. Sponges are an ecologically significant group in benthic marine communities, which are often ignored in current monitoring schemes. In chapter two the sponge biodiversity of New Zealand waters to 200m was examined using Taxonomic Distinctness measures initially to test if genera data could be used as a proxy for species level data in New Zealand waters. It was found that over 50% of the variation in genera biodiversity could be explained by location and depth around New Zealand. The study helped pinpoint where there were gaps in the New Zealand dataset, in particular for the West Coast of the South Island and also areas such as the Wellington South Coast, which had higher than expected values for Average and Variation Taxonomic distinctness measures, which as important areas where sponges should be monitored to make sure the high levels of biodiversity are protected. Taxonomic distinctness measures are useful for initially assessing how the biodiversity is distributed, especially when using a data set with uneven sampling effort, as it is robust to spatial and temporal bias in the majority of cases. However, there was an outlier to the genera data correlating well with the variation in species data in the case of a site dominated by Haliclona sp (Lyttelton Harbour). In chapters three and four the spatial and temporal variability of sponge assemblages of the Wellington South Coast were explored creating both a species list for the area and an understanding of how the sponge assemblage varies over time and space. There were significant differences in the sponges assemblages in similar habitat types over a scale of a few hundred metres. In addition, although all the sponge assemblages changed seasonally, the changes at each sampling site responded in a slightly different way most likely due to spatiotemporal variation in environmental conditions. A similar seasonal pattern was also observed in chapter five for sponge assemblages at Skomer Marine Reserve and this pattern was also clear when using morphological monitoring methods. This means that once a site has been mapped for biodiversity it is possible for some habitats to use morphological monitoring to identify if the sponge assemblage is changing significantly saving time and money. The results from Indonesia (chapter six) showed that although the sponge assemblages were changing significantly in the actual species present and their abundances, the proportion of diversity within each spatial level (quadrat, site and region) remained consistent when sampled at the same time each year throughout the five year study. In species rich assemblages there are a variety of life strategies that can respond differently to shifts in environmental conditions and contribute to ecological functioning in various ways. Various monitoring methods have been tested using sponge assemblages over various spatial and temporal scales in this thesis. Spatial, temporal and the interaction of spatial and temporal factors were all important for identifying significant assemblage differences at all of the sites. Further studies integrating the interaction of spatial and temporal factors into understanding monitoring data sets are vital to understand the patterns of assemblage variability and therefore incorporate into habitat management plans.</p>

scholarly journals Patterns of Temporal and Spatial Variability of Sponge Assemblages

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Jade Berman
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
South Coast ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Variability ◽  
Taxonomic Distinctness ◽  
Monitoring Methods ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Temporal Factors ◽  
A Site

<p>The primary goals of this thesis were to understand the spatial and temporal pattern of sponge assemblage variation over a variety of scales and investigate suitable monitoring methods for sponge assemblages. Sponges are an ecologically significant group in benthic marine communities, which are often ignored in current monitoring schemes. In chapter two the sponge biodiversity of New Zealand waters to 200m was examined using Taxonomic Distinctness measures initially to test if genera data could be used as a proxy for species level data in New Zealand waters. It was found that over 50% of the variation in genera biodiversity could be explained by location and depth around New Zealand. The study helped pinpoint where there were gaps in the New Zealand dataset, in particular for the West Coast of the South Island and also areas such as the Wellington South Coast, which had higher than expected values for Average and Variation Taxonomic distinctness measures, which as important areas where sponges should be monitored to make sure the high levels of biodiversity are protected. Taxonomic distinctness measures are useful for initially assessing how the biodiversity is distributed, especially when using a data set with uneven sampling effort, as it is robust to spatial and temporal bias in the majority of cases. However, there was an outlier to the genera data correlating well with the variation in species data in the case of a site dominated by Haliclona sp (Lyttelton Harbour). In chapters three and four the spatial and temporal variability of sponge assemblages of the Wellington South Coast were explored creating both a species list for the area and an understanding of how the sponge assemblage varies over time and space. There were significant differences in the sponges assemblages in similar habitat types over a scale of a few hundred metres. In addition, although all the sponge assemblages changed seasonally, the changes at each sampling site responded in a slightly different way most likely due to spatiotemporal variation in environmental conditions. A similar seasonal pattern was also observed in chapter five for sponge assemblages at Skomer Marine Reserve and this pattern was also clear when using morphological monitoring methods. This means that once a site has been mapped for biodiversity it is possible for some habitats to use morphological monitoring to identify if the sponge assemblage is changing significantly saving time and money. The results from Indonesia (chapter six) showed that although the sponge assemblages were changing significantly in the actual species present and their abundances, the proportion of diversity within each spatial level (quadrat, site and region) remained consistent when sampled at the same time each year throughout the five year study. In species rich assemblages there are a variety of life strategies that can respond differently to shifts in environmental conditions and contribute to ecological functioning in various ways. Various monitoring methods have been tested using sponge assemblages over various spatial and temporal scales in this thesis. Spatial, temporal and the interaction of spatial and temporal factors were all important for identifying significant assemblage differences at all of the sites. Further studies integrating the interaction of spatial and temporal factors into understanding monitoring data sets are vital to understand the patterns of assemblage variability and therefore incorporate into habitat management plans.</p>

scholarly journals Combining data from the distributed GRUAN site Lauder–Invercargill, New Zealand, to provide a site atmospheric state best estimate of temperature

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 2195-2211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordis S. Tradowsky ◽  
Gregory E. Bodeker ◽  
Richard R. Querel ◽  
Peter J. H. Builtjes ◽  
Jürgen Fischer
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Temperature Cycle ◽  
High Temporal Resolution ◽  
Transfer Model ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Best Estimate ◽  
Combining Data ◽  
Uncertainty Estimates ◽  
Atmospheric State ◽  
A Site

Abstract. A site atmospheric state best estimate (SASBE) of the temperature profile above the GCOS (Global Climate Observing System) Reference Upper-Air Network (GRUAN) site at Lauder, New Zealand, has been developed. Data from multiple sources are combined within the SASBE to generate a high temporal resolution data set that includes an estimate of the uncertainty on every value.The SASBE has been developed to enhance the value of measurements made at the distributed GRUAN site at Lauder and Invercargill (about 180 km apart), and to demonstrate a methodology which can be adapted to other distributed sites. Within GRUAN, a distributed site consists of a cluster of instruments at different locations.The temperature SASBE combines measurements from radiosondes and automatic weather stations at Lauder and Invercargill, and ERA5 reanalysis, which is used to calculate a diurnal temperature cycle to which the SASBE converges in the absence of any measurements.The SASBE provides hourly temperature profiles at 16 pressure levels between the surface and 10 hPa for the years 1997 to 2012. Every temperature value has an associated uncertainty which is calculated by propagating the measurement uncertainties, the ERA5 ensemble standard deviations, and the ERA5 representativeness uncertainty through the retrieval chain. The SASBE has been long-term archived and is identified using the digital object identifier https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1195779.The study demonstrates a method to combine data collected at distributed sites. The resulting best-estimate temperature data product for Lauder is expected to be valuable for satellite and model validation as measurements of atmospheric essential climate variables are sparse in the Southern Hemisphere. The SASBE could, for example, be used to constrain a radiative transfer model to provide top-of-the-atmosphere radiances with traceable uncertainty estimates.

scholarly journals Combining Data from the Distributed GRUAN Site Lauder-Invercargill, New Zealand, to Provide a Site Atmospheric State Best Estimate of Temperature

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordis S. Tradowsky ◽  
Gregory E. Bodeker ◽  
Richard R. Querel ◽  
Peter J. H. Builtjes ◽  
Juergen Fischer
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Temperature Cycle ◽  
High Temporal Resolution ◽  
Transfer Model ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Best Estimate ◽  
Combining Data ◽  
Uncertainty Estimates ◽  
Atmospheric State ◽  
A Site

Abstract. A Site Atmospheric State Best Estimate (SASBE) of the temperature profile above the GCOS (Global Climate Observing System) Reference Upper-Air Network (GRUAN) site at Lauder, New Zealand, has been developed. Data from multiple sources are combined within the SASBE to generate a high temporal resolution data set that includes an estimate of the uncertainty on every value. The SASBE has been developed to enhance the value of measurements made at the distributed GRUAN site at Lauder and Invercargill (about 180 km apart), and to demonstrate a methodology which can be adapted to other distributed sites. Within GRUAN, a distributed site consists of a cluster of instruments at different locations. The temperature SASBE combines measurements from radiosondes and automatic weather stations at Lauder and Invercargill, and ERA5 reanalysis, which is used to calculate a diurnal temperature cycle to which the SASBE converges in the absence of any measurements. The SASBE provides hourly temperature profiles at 16 pressure levels between the surface and 10 hPa for the years 1997 to 2012. Every temperature value has an associated uncertainty which is calculated by propagating the measurement uncertainties, the ERA5 ensemble SDs, and the ERA5 representativeness uncertainty through the retrieval chain. The SASBE has been longterm archived and obtained the following digital object identifier (doi): doi:10.5281/zenodo.1195779 The study demonstrates a method to combine data collected at distributed sites. The resulting best-estimate temperature data product for Lauder is expected to be valuable for satellite and model validation as measurements of atmospheric essential climate variables are sparse in the Southern Hemisphere. The SASBE could, for example, be used to constrain a radiative transfer model to provide top-of-the-atmosphere radiances with traceable uncertainty estimates.

scholarly journals Spatial and Temporal Variability in the Development and Potential Toxicity of Phormidium Biofilms in the Tarn River, France

Toxins ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isidora Echenique-Subiabre ◽  
Maxime Tenon ◽  
Jean-François Humbert ◽  
Catherine Quiblier
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Temporal Variability ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Spatiotemporal Variability ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Variability ◽  
Summer Period ◽  
Potential Toxicity ◽  
Biofilm Development

Proliferation of Phormidium biofilms in rivers is becoming a worldwide sanitation problem for humans and animals, due to the ability of these bacteria to produce anatoxins. To better understand the environmental conditions that favor the development of Phormidium biofilms and the production of anatoxins, we monitored the formation of these biofilms and their toxins for two years in the Tarn River, biofilms from which are known to have caused the deaths of multiple dogs. As previously observed in New Zealand, Phormidium biofilm development occurred in riffle areas. The coverage of these biofilms at the bottom of the river exhibited strong spatial and temporal variations, but was positively correlated with water temperature and depth. Anatoxin-a was detected in less than 50% of the biofilms. The concentrations of these toxins in the biofilms exhibited high spatiotemporal variability, with the highest concentrations being recorded at the end of the summer period at the upstream sampling sites. These findings suggest that the maturity of the biofilms, combined with the local environmental conditions, have an impact on the production of anatoxin, making risk assessment for these benthic proliferations challenging.

Antipodean Aftershocks: Group Settlement of Hebridean and non-Hebridean Britons in Western Australia following World War One

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 188-203
Author(s):  
Roy Jones ◽  
Tod Jones
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
British Empire ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
The Sun ◽  
World War ◽  
World War One ◽  
A Site

In the speech in which the phrase ‘land fit for heroes’ was coined, Lloyd George proclaimed ‘(l)et us make victory the motive power to link the old land up in such measure that it will be nearer the sunshine than ever before … it will lift those who have been living in the dark places to a plateau where they will get the rays of the sun’. This speech conflated the issues of the ‘debt of honour’ and the provision of land to those who had served. These ideals had ramifications throughout the British Empire. Here we proffer two Antipodean examples: the national Soldier Settlement Scheme in New Zealand and the Imperial Group Settlement of British migrants in Western Australia and, specifically, the fate and the legacy of a Group of Gaelic speaking Outer Hebrideans who relocated to a site which is now in the outer fringes of metropolitan Perth.

Wing lengths of Clamorous Reed Warblers Acrocephalus stentoreus in Israel

Ring ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-92
Author(s):  
John Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Wing Length ◽  
First Year ◽  
Comparable Data ◽  
Reed Warbler ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Acrocephalus Scirpaceus ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
A Site ◽  
Made In ◽  
New Discovery

Wing lengths of Clamorous Reed Warblers Acrocephalus stentoreus in Israel Wing length measurements taken from first-year, pre- and post-moulting (annual, complete) Clamorous Reed Warblers were recorded at a site in northern Israel. The resulting data set was examined using a time-series of residuals (CUSUM). Results from this analysis can explain the reported heterogeneity found in a comparable data set by Merom et al. (1999). Further observations made in their paper are rebutted: (1) an implied assumption that Reed Warbler (Acrocephalus scirpaceus) spring migration in Israel ends by 1 May is contrary to other publications; (2) the late autumn occurence in N Israel of longer-winged 1st cal. yr. Reed Warblers, unconvincingly explained as either delayed migration by larger individuals or post fledging feather growth, is most likely due to birds from different provenances origins moving at different seasons; (3) growth during adulthood in Reed Warbler is not a new discovery, though presented as such.

scholarly journals Evidence for Publicly Reported Quality Indicators in Residential Long-Term Care: A Systematic Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 181-181
Author(s):  
Franziska Zúñiga ◽  
Magdalena Osinska ◽  
Franziska Zuniga
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Quality Indicators ◽  
Long Term Care ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
Public Reporting ◽  
Assessment Instrument ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Residential Long Term Care

Abstract Quality indicators (QIs) are used internationally to measure, compare and improve quality in residential long-term care. Public reporting of such indicators allows transparency and motivates local quality improvement initiatives. However, little is known about the quality of QIs. In a systematic literature review, we assessed which countries publicly report health-related QIs, whether stakeholders were involved in their development and the evidence concerning their validity and reliability. Most information was found in grey literature, with nine countries (USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and five countries in Europe) publicly reporting a total of 66 QIs in areas like mobility, falls, pressure ulcers, continence, pain, weight loss, and physical restraint. While USA, Canada and New Zealand work with QIs from the Resident Assessment Instrument – Minimal Data Set (RAI-MDS), the other countries developed their own QIs. All countries involved stakeholders in some phase of the QI development. However, we only found reports from Canada and Australia on both, the criteria judged (e.g. relevance, influenceability), and the results of structured stakeholder surveys. Interrater reliability was measured for some RAI QIs and for those used in Germany, showing overall good Kappa values (&gt;0.6) except for QIs concerning mobility, falls and urinary tract infection. Validity measures were only found for RAI QIs and were mostly moderate. Although a number of QIs are publicly reported and used for comparison and policy decisions, available evidence is still limited. We need broader and accessible evidence for a responsible use of QIs in public reporting.

scholarly journals Separating damage from environmental effects affecting civil structures for near real-time damage detection

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 850-868 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Soo Lon Wah ◽  
Yung-Tsang Chen ◽  
Gethin Wyn Roberts ◽  
Ahmed Elamin
Keyword(s):  
Damage Detection ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Environmental Effects ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Real Time Monitoring ◽  
Civil Structures ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Wide Range

Analyzing changes in vibration properties (e.g. natural frequencies) of structures as a result of damage has been heavily used by researchers for damage detection of civil structures. These changes, however, are not only caused by damage of the structural components, but they are also affected by the varying environmental conditions the structures are faced with, such as the temperature change, which limits the use of most damage detection methods presented in the literature that did not account for these effects. In this article, a damage detection method capable of distinguishing between the effects of damage and of the changing environmental conditions affecting damage sensitivity features is proposed. This method eliminates the need to form the baseline of the undamaged structure using damage sensitivity features obtained from a wide range of environmental conditions, as conventionally has been done, and utilizes features from two extreme and opposite environmental conditions as baselines. To allow near real-time monitoring, subsequent measurements are added one at a time to the baseline to create new data sets. Principal component analysis is then introduced for processing each data set so that patterns can be extracted and damage can be distinguished from environmental effects. The proposed method is tested using a two-dimensional truss structure and validated using measurements from the Z24 Bridge which was monitored for nearly a year, with damage scenarios applied to it near the end of the monitoring period. The results demonstrate the robustness of the proposed method for damage detection under changing environmental conditions. The method also works despite the nonlinear effects produced by environmental conditions on damage sensitivity features. Moreover, since each measurement is allowed to be analyzed one at a time, near real-time monitoring is possible. Damage progression can also be given from the method which makes it advantageous for damage evolution monitoring.

scholarly journals Te Pikinga O Tōku Tuakiri: The ascent of self-identity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Ariana Pia
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
General Concept ◽  
General Context ◽  
Cultural Experience ◽  
Rehabilitation Process ◽  
Self Identity ◽  
Interior Architecture ◽  
History Of ◽  
A Site ◽  
The Given

<p>This research questions whether considering Māori concepts of architecture and space within the design of New Zealand prisons can help in the rehabilitation process of inmates of Māori descent.   First, the general concept of prison architecture will be researched. The panopticon as a general diagram as well as specific case studies will frame an understanding of the characteristics of prison architecture in the western sphere. A specific attention to interior architecture will be established.  Second, the link between cultural experience and rehabilitation will be distinguished primarily through analysis of Māori Focus Units.  Third, the notions of Māori perception and understanding of architectural space will be explored in a general context. More particularly, characteristics of interior architecture will be researched.  Fourth, a site will be selected to reflect the contentious issues of incarceration of the Māori population. Matiu/Somes Island, located in the Wellington harbour, is a reflection of historical Māori culture and lifestyles that form a base of beliefs and mythology that modern Māori can identify with. The island itself is a provocation due to its history of incarceration.  This thesis is of interior architecture; hence the design will be developed within the constraints of a given architectural envelope. While this is an assumed position, the interior architecture will challenge the given envelope and its contextual site. As a consequence, further interventions into the landscape and the architecture will be developed to sustain the interior architecture here developed.  It is anticipated that this research will therefore support the idea that interior architecture of New Zealand prisons must be developed as an integral part of a holistic spatial intervention in view of supporting the rehabilitation process of Māori inmates.</p>

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