scholarly journals Aneriophora aureorufa (Philippi, 1865) (Diptera: Syrphidae): a fly specialized in the pollination of Eucryphia cordifolia Cav. (Cunoniaceae R. Br.), an endemic species of South American temperate forest

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cecilia Smith ◽  
Lorena Vieli ◽  
Rodrigo Barahona-Segovia
Keyword(s):  
Endemic Species ◽  
Temperate Forest ◽  
Species Abundance ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
South American ◽  
Long Term Study ◽  
Flowering Season ◽  
Flower Flies ◽  
A Site

The order Diptera is the second most important group of pollinators worldwide. Many flies are considered generalist pollinators, but specialist flower flies’ associations are rare or uncommon. The present study aimed to determine the level of specialization in pollination for Aneriophora aureorufa (Philippi, 1865) (Diptera: Syrphidae), an endemic species of the South American temperate forests. The study evaluates also the species abundance in different sampling sites and environments. Our data suggest that Aneriophora aureorufa has an exclusive and extremely narrow association with the flowers of Eucryphia cordifolia Cav.¸ an endemic Chilean species. We reviewed the literature on Chilean pollinator species searching for information about Aneriophora Stuardo & Cortés 1952 and compared its exclusive association with other specialist flies. We conducted long-term fieldwork for 22 years in one location during the flowering season and over a period of one to six years in five additional locations. In our field study we recorded all insects which had contact with stigma and/or stamens of 25 plant species. We found that Aneriophora visits flowers of E. cordifolia in both low absolute abundance and low relative percentage, and occasionally visits flowers of two other species. In the northern distributional range of A. aureorufa, where E. cordifolia is absent, the hoverfly was recorded in flowers of Laurelia sempervirens (Ruiz & Pav.) Tul. (Chilean laurel, Atherospermataceae), but in low frequency (0.01 flowers/min). In a site where we have a long-term study, A. aureorufa represented only 0.2% of all flower visitors, and its abundance was higher in canopy forests, visiting 0.03 flowers/min. Based on our observations and the literature review we propose that (1) Aneriophora is one of the most specialized pollinator flies described until now; (2) the species is more frequent in old-growth forests than in forest edges or isolated trees. 

Population size and morph frequency in a long-term study of Cepaea nemoralis

1990 ◽  
Vol 240 (1298) ◽  
pp. 231-250 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Population Size ◽  
Selection Pressure ◽  
Term Study ◽  
Cepaea Nemoralis ◽  
Long Term Study ◽  
Mark Release Recapture ◽  
A Site ◽  
Morph Frequency

Cepaea nemoralis at a site on Fyfield Down, Wiltshire, England, have been surveyed, using mark, release, recapture, for 23 years. The population has morph frequencies that do not appear to match the back­ground. At the start of the survey there was heavy predation by birds, but this soon ceased and the vegetation in the area became more uniform, probably because of the destruction of rabbits by myxomatosis. Over the study period the population fluctuated in size but morph frequencies remained almost unchanged. Variation in recruitment, rather than sur­vival, is responsible for variation in numbers. The morph frequency of captured snails differs between juveniles and adults. We suggest that this effect is due to differences in the extent to which large and small individuals move in the open (exposure). This in turn is due to changes in heating properties as the animals increase in size. If the largest selection pressure affecting morph frequency arises from visual predation, then the lack of predators, and lack of evidence of change in survival rate are consistent with the invariant morph fre­quencies. The extent to which studies of the present kind can detect selection is discussed.

scholarly journals Energy Monitoring in the Wild: Platform Development and Lessons Learned from a Real-World Demonstrator

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (18) ◽  
pp. 5786
Author(s):  
Filipe Quintal ◽  
Daniel Garigali ◽  
Dino Vasconcelos ◽  
Jonathan Cavaleiro ◽  
Wilson Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Long Term Study ◽  
Consumption Data ◽  
Custom Made ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Platform Development ◽  
A Site

This paper presents the development and evaluation of EnnerSpectrum, a platform for electricity monitoring. The development was motivated by a gap between academic, fully custom-made monitoring solutions and commercial proprietary monitoring approaches. EnnerSpectrum is composed of two main entities, the back end, and the Gateway. The back end is a server comprised of flexible entities that can be configured to different monitoring scenarios. The Gateway interacts with equipment at a site that cannot interact directly with the back end. The paper presents the architecture and configuration of EnnerSpectrum for a long-term case study with 13 prosumers of electricity for approximately 36 months. During this period, the proposed system was able to adapt to several building and monitoring conditions while acquiring 95% of all the available consumption data. To finalize, the paper presents a set of lessons learned from running such a long-term study in the real world.

'Pop' Goes the Dolphin: a Vocalization Male Bottlenose Dolphins Produce During Consortships

Behaviour ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 133 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 643-662 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel A. Smolker ◽  
Richard C. Connor
Keyword(s):  
Bottlenose Dolphins ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Water Area ◽  
Single Female ◽  
Term Study ◽  
Shark Bay ◽  
Long Term Study ◽  
Shallow Water Area ◽  
Peak Energy

AbstractStudies of dolphin communication have been hindered by the difficulty of localizing sounds underwater and thus identifying vocalizing individuals. Male bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp.; speckled form) in Shark Bay, Western Australia produce a vocalization we call 'pops'. Pops are narrow-band, low frequency pulses with peak energy between 300 and 3000 Hz and are typically produced in trains of 3-30 pops at rates of 6-12 pops/s. Observations on the pop vocalization and associated behavior were made as part of a long-term study of bottlenose dolphins in Shark Bay. During 1987-88 seven dolphins, including three males, frequented a shallow water area where they were daily provisioned with fish by tourists and fishermen. The three males often produced pops when accompanied by single female consorts into the shallows. Fortuitously, the males often remained at the surface where pops were audible in air, enabling us to identify the popping individual. All 12 of the female consorts in the study turned in towards males at a higher rate when the males were popping than when they were not popping. All 19 occurrences of one form of aggression, 'head-jerks', were associated with pops. We conclude that pops are a threat vocalization which induces the female to remain close to the popping male during consortships.

A field-scale long-term study on radionuclide transport through weathered granites at a site in southern China

2014 ◽  
Vol 72 (11) ◽  
pp. 4427-4439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuping Yi ◽  
Haiyi Ma ◽  
Chunmiao Zheng ◽  
Guocheng Ren ◽  
Xueling Hu
Keyword(s):  
Southern China ◽  
Radionuclide Transport ◽  
Field Scale ◽  
Term Study ◽  
Long Term Study ◽  
A Site

scholarly journals CalMagNet – an array of search coil magnetometers monitoring ultra low frequency activity in California

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 359-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Cutler ◽  
J. Bortnik ◽  
C. Dunson ◽  
J. Doering ◽  
T. Bleier
Keyword(s):  
Low Frequency ◽  
Magnetic Fluctuations ◽  
Resonant Structures ◽  
Search Coil ◽  
Long Term Study ◽  
Local Site ◽  
Timing System ◽  
Field Fluctuations ◽  
Alfven Resonator

Abstract. The California Magnetometer Network (CalMagNet) consists of sixty-eight triaxial search-coil magnetometer systems measuring Ultra Low Frequency (ULF), 0.001–16 Hz, magnetic field fluctuations in California. CalMagNet provides data for comprehensive multi-point measurements of specific events in the Pc 1–Pc 5 range at mid-latitudes as well as a systematic, long-term study of ULF signals in active fault regions in California. Typical events include geomagnetic micropulsations and spectral resonant structures associated with the ionospheric Alfvén resonator. This paper provides a technical overview of the CalMagNet sensors and data processing systems. The network is composed of ten reference stations and fifty-eight local monitoring stations. The primary instruments at each site are three orthogonal induction coil magnetometers. A geophone monitors local site vibration. The systems are designed for future sensor expansion and include resources for monitoring four additional channels. Data is currently sampled at 32 samples per second with a 24-bit converter and time tagged with a GPS-based timing system. Several examples of representative magnetic fluctuations and signals as measured by the array are given.

scholarly journals Long-term study of extreme giant pulses from PSR B0950+08 with AARTFAAC

2020 ◽  
Vol 497 (1) ◽  
pp. 846-854
Author(s):  
Mark Kuiack ◽  
Ralph A M J Wijers ◽  
Antonia Rowlinson ◽  
Aleksandar Shulevski ◽  
Folkert Huizinga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Scale ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Transient Detection ◽  
Term Study ◽  
Long Term Study ◽  
Giant Pulses ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Radio Transients ◽  
Detection Instrument

ABSTRACT We report on the detection of extreme giant pulses (GPs) from one of the oldest known pulsars, the highly variable PSR B0950+08, with the Amsterdam-ASTRON Radio Transient Facility And Analysis Centre (AARTFAAC), a parallel transient detection instrument operating as a subsystem of the LOw Frequency ARray (LOFAR). During processing of our Northern Hemisphere survey for low-frequency radio transients, a sample of 275 pulses with fluences ranging from 42 to 177 kJy ms were detected in one-second snapshot images. The brightest pulses are an order of magnitude brighter than those previously reported at 42 and 74 MHz, on par with the levels observed in a previous long-term study at 103 MHz. Both their rate and fluence distribution differ between and within the various studies done to date. The GP rate is highly variable, from 0 to 30 per hour, with only two 3-h observations accounting for nearly half of the pulses detected in the 96 h surveyed. It does not vary significantly within a few-hour observation, but can vary strongly one from day to the next. The spectra appear strongly and variably structured, with emission sometimes confined to a single 195.3 kHz subband, and the pulse spectra changing on a time-scale of order 10 min.

scholarly journals The distribution and conservation status of Tapirus terrestris in the South American Atlantic Forest

2022 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Kevin M. Flesher ◽  
Emília Patrícia Medici
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Forest ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
Population Expansion ◽  
South American ◽  
Secondary Forests ◽  
Population Isolation ◽  
Adequate Funding ◽  
Long Term Study ◽  
Tapirus Terrestris

Tapirus terrestris is the largest South American land mammal, with an extensive historical distribution and capable of occupying diverse habitats, and yet its populations have declined across its range. In order to provide baseline data on the conservation status of tapirs in the Atlantic Forest, we conducted a long-term study in one landscape, visited 93 forests, and received 217 expert reports over the 15-year study. We estimate that 2,665–15,992 tapirs remain in 48 confirmed populations, occupying 26,654 km2 of forest or 1.78% of its original range in the biome. Historically, hunting and deforestation were the main causes of decline, but today population isolation is the principal long-term threat. Vortex models indicate that 31.3–68.8% and 70.8–93.8% of the populations are demographically and genetically non-viable over the next 100 years, respectively, and that only 3–14 populations are viable when considering both variables. Habitat use data indicate that tapirs are adaptable to disturbed and secondary forests and will use diverse tree plantations and agricultural lands but hunting and highways keep populations isolated. Reserve staff report tapirs as common/abundant at 62.2% of the sites, and populations as stable and growing in 60% and 36% of the sites, respectively, and there is ample habitat in the biome for a population expansion, but overcoming the causes of isolation will be necessary for this to occur. Lack of adequate funding for protecting reserves is a chronic threat throughout the biome, especially in federal and state/provincial reserves, and increased funding will be necessary to implement effective conservation plans.

scholarly journals Small Mammal Movements and Fire History: Testing the Long-Term Effects of the 1988 Huckleberry Mountain Fire

2015 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 58-67
Author(s):  
Hayley Lanier ◽  
Lorraine Carver ◽  
Zachary Roehrs ◽  
Meredith Roehrs ◽  
R. Seville
Keyword(s):  
Small Mammal ◽  
Habitat Complexity ◽  
Fire History ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Species Abundance ◽  
Deer Mice ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Mammal Species ◽  
Long Term Study

Fires are an important ecological force shaping biological communities in western North America. Fires change landscapes in ways which influence the relative abundance and activities of the organisms occurring in those habitats. Preliminary results from previous work suggest the stage of fire succession may influence individual movements on the landscape. As part of a long-term study of the 1988 Yellowstone fires along the John D. Rockefeller, Jr. Memorial Parkway, we set out to examine these patterns in more detail to (1) test whether the two dominant small mammal species were moving different distances based upon the stage of succession in a particular habitat, and (2) determine the role of habitat complexity, resource types, and species abundance in driving these patterns. Using movement distances from capture-recapture data and fluorescent powder tracking of individuals we compared movement distances and habitat usage between mid-succession and late-succession trapping grids for red-backed voles (Myodes gapperi) and deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus). The results suggest deer mice, some of the first colonizers to burned habitat, are moving farther than red-backed voles, and move farther in burned habitats than in unburned habitats. Red-backed voles exhibit slightly, but not significantly, longer movements in burned habitats. Powder tracking results suggest habitat complexity, in particular the quantity of coarse woody debris, may partially explain the differences in movement patterns by burn history. These results are important for understanding the long-lasting impacts of fire history on population and community patterns.

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