Sublethal Toxic Effects and Induction of gGutathione S-transferase by Short-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins (SCCPs) and C-12 alkane (dodecane) in Xenopus laevis Frog Embryos

Short chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) are important industrial chemicals with high persistence in the environment but poorly characterized ecotoxicological effects. We studied embryotoxic effects of commercial mixture of SCCP (carbon length C-12, 56% of chlorine; CP56-12) and non-chlorinated n-alkane (dodecane, C-12) in the 96h Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay - Xenopus (FETAX). Only weak lethal effects were observed for both substances (the highest tested concentration 500 mg/L of both chemicals caused up to 11% mortality). On the other hand, we observed developmental malformations and reduced embryo growth at 5 mg/l and higher concentrations. However, the effects were not related to chlorination pattern as both SCCPs and dodecane induced qualitatively similar effects. SCCPs also significantly induced phase II detoxification enzyme glutathione S-transferase (GST) in Xenopus laevis embryos even at 0.5 mg/L, and this biomarker might be used as another early warning of chronic toxic effects. Our results newly indicate significant developmental toxicity of both SCCPs and n-dodecane to aquatic organisms along with inductions of specific biochemical toxicity mechanisms.

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Atmospheric short-chain-chlorinated paraffins in Melbourne, Australia – first extensive Southern Hemisphere observations

Environmental Chemistry ◽

10.1071/en16152 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. 106 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Robert W. Gillett ◽

Ian E. Galbally ◽

Melita D. Keywood ◽

Jennifer C. Powell ◽

Gavin Stevenson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Temperature Dependence ◽

Southern Hemisphere ◽

Northern Hemisphere ◽

Seasonal Cycle ◽

Metal Cutting ◽

Short Chain ◽

Ambient Atmosphere ◽

Industrial Chemicals ◽

Chlorinated Paraffins ◽

Atmospheric Concentrations

Environmental contextThis study presents the first comprehensive set of ambient atmospheric concentrations of short-chain-chlorinated paraffins in the Southern Hemisphere. The data show a seasonal cycle with a summer maximum and a winter minimum. The seasonal cycle is consistent with temperature dependence of the vapour pressure of the short-chain-chlorinated paraffins resulting in partitioning between the atmosphere and other reservoirs with a secondary modulation by soil moisture. AbstractThe first extensive measurements of short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) in the atmosphere of the Southern Hemisphere are presented. The analytical and sampling methodologies used in this Australian study were verified by systematic testing along with two inter-comparisons with Northern Hemisphere laboratories with established SCCP programs. In the ambient atmosphere of Melbourne, Australia, in 2013–14, there was a clear seasonal cycle in SCCP monthly averaged concentrations, these ranging from 28.4ng m–3 in summer to 1.8ng m–3 in winter. Air temperature was the factor most closely related to the seasonal cycle in SCCPs in Melbourne. The average SCCP concentrations observed indoors were less than those observed outdoors. Atmospheric concentrations of SCCPs in Melbourne are more than two orders of magnitude higher than concentrations in the background atmosphere. Surprisingly, the SCCP concentrations in Melbourne are similar to those observed in cities in Japan, South Korea and the United Kingdom, and less than those observed in China. Direct transport of SCCPs in the atmosphere from the Northern Hemisphere emissions to Melbourne is ruled out. Instead elevated concentrations in the Melbourne air-shed are most likely a result of the long-term import of SCCPs as industrial chemicals and within manufactured materials from the Northern Hemisphere so that the use of SCCPs in Melbourne and their consequent release to the environment has produced environmental reservoirs of SCCPs in Melbourne that are comparable with those in some Northern Hemisphere cities. The increase in SCCP concentrations from winter to summer is consistent with the temperature dependence of partitioning of SCCPs between the atmosphere and other reservoirs. Insufficient information exists on SCCP use and its presence in soils and sediments in Australia to indicate whether the atmospheric presence of SCCPs in Melbourne is a legacy issue due to its import and use as a metal cutting agent in past decades or due to ongoing imports of manufactured materials containing SCCPs today.

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Relative developmental toxicity of short-chain chlorinated paraffins in Zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos

Environmental Pollution ◽

10.1016/j.envpol.2016.09.016 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 219 ◽

pp. 1122-1130 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

Lihua Liu ◽

Yifan Li ◽

Mehmet Coelhan ◽

Hing Man Chan ◽

Wanli Ma ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Danio Rerio ◽

Developmental Toxicity ◽

Short Chain ◽

Chlorinated Paraffins ◽

Danio Rerio Embryos

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Advances in Studies on Toxic Effects of Short-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins (SCCPs) and Characterization of Environmental Pollution in China

Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology ◽

10.1007/s00244-020-00723-0 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 78 (4) ◽

pp. 501-512

Author(s):

Xin Zheng ◽

Qianhang Sun ◽

Shuping Wang ◽

Xiaoqian Li ◽

Peiyuan Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Environmental Pollution ◽

Short Chain ◽

Toxic Effects ◽

Chlorinated Paraffins

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Assessment of cultured fish hepatocytes for studying cellular uptake and (eco)toxicity of nanoparticles

Environmental Chemistry ◽

10.1071/en09125 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 36 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Tessa M. Scown ◽

Rhys M. Goodhead ◽

Blair D. Johnston ◽

Julian Moger ◽

Mohammed Baalousha ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cellular Uptake ◽

Metal Oxide Nanoparticles ◽

Aquatic Organisms ◽

Engineered Nanoparticles ◽

Toxic Effects ◽

Toxicity Screening ◽

Glutathione S Transferase ◽

The Sustainable Development ◽

Vitro Model

Environmental context. The production and application of engineered nanoparticles is rapidly increasing, and development of suitable models for screening nanoparticles for possible toxic effects is essential to protect aquatic organisms and support the sustainable development of the nanotechnology industry. Here, the suitability of isolated rainbow trout hepatocytes was assessed for high through-put toxicity screening of nanoparticles and for studying uptake of nanoparticles into cells. Abstract. Relatively little is known regarding the fate and possible toxic effects of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) in the aquatic environment. We assessed the suitability of isolated trout hepatocytes for high throughput toxicity screening of ENPs, exposing them to a variety of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles and their bulk counterparts. We found no effects of the ENPs on cell viability, or on lipid peroxidation, with the exception of exposure to ZnO nanoparticles, or on glutathione-S-transferase (GST) levels, for exposure concentrations up to 500 μg mL–1. All ENPs, however, were internalised in the cultured hepatocytes, as shown by coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) as an imaging technique. Our findings suggest that fish hepatocyte cultures are suitable for studies investigating the cellular uptake of ENPs, but they do not appear to be sensitive to ENP exposure and thus not a good in vitro model for nanoparticle toxicity screening.

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