scholarly journals Comparing introduction to Europe of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses A(H5N8) in 2014 and A(H5N1) in 2005

2014 ◽  
Vol 19 (50) ◽  
Author(s):  
C Adlhoch ◽  
C Gossner ◽  
G Koch ◽  
I Brown ◽  
R Bouwstra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Avian Influenza Viruses ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus ◽  
Similarities And Differences

Since the beginning of November 2014, nine outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) A(H5N8) in poultry have been detected in four European countries. In this report, similarities and differences between the modes of introduction of HPAIV A(H5N1) and A(H5N8) into Europe are described. Experiences from outbreaks of A(H5N1) in Europe demonstrated that early detection to control HPAIV in poultry has proven pivotal to minimise the risk of zoonotic transmission and prevention of human cases.

scholarly journals A review of H5Nx avian influenza viruses

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 251513551882162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivette A. Nuñez ◽  
Ted M. Ross
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Avian Influenza Virus ◽  
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Avian Influenza Viruses ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Bird Populations ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus

Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs), originating from the A/goose/Guangdong/1/1996 H5 subtype, naturally circulate in wild-bird populations, particularly waterfowl, and often spill over to infect domestic poultry. Occasionally, humans are infected with HPAVI H5N1 resulting in high mortality, but no sustained human-to-human transmission. In this review, the replication cycle, pathogenicity, evolution, spread, and transmission of HPAIVs of H5Nx subtypes, along with the host immune responses to Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus (HPAIV) infection and potential vaccination, are discussed. In addition, the potential mechanisms for Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus (HPAIV) H5 Reassorted Viruses H5N1, H5N2, H5N6, H5N8 (H5Nx) viruses to transmit, infect, and adapt to the human host are reviewed.

scholarly journals Overview of the Epizootiological Situation on Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus in Russia in 2019

2020 ◽  
pp. 31-37
Author(s):  
V. Yu. Marchenko ◽  
N. I. Goncharova ◽  
Thi Nhai Tran ◽  
Khac Sau Trinh ◽  
Ngoc Quyen Nguyen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Avian Influenza Virus ◽  
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Saratov Region ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Virus Surveillance ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus

This review describes the current situation on highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in 2019 and predicts the possible further spread of avian influenza in Russia. In 2019 outbreaks were reported among wild birds and poultry, as well as human infections with influenza viruses of the subtypes H5Nx, H7N9 and H9N2 in several countries. In 2019, only two outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N8 in Russia occurred. Both outbreaks were recorded in January at poultry farm in the Rostov Region. In addition, in May 2019 avian influenza virus of H14N7 subtype was isolated from a wild bird during the avian influenza virus surveillance in Tomsk Region. In June 2019, a strain of H13N2 subtype was isolated in the territory of Kamchatka Region, then, in August 2019, an influenza virus of H13N6 subtype was isolated in the Saratov Region. It was revealed that some strains of avian influenza virus isolated in Russia have a high degree of identity with strains circulating in South-East Asia. This was shown by the phylogenetic analysis of A/ H5Nx influenza viruses previously isolated in the Saratov Region and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam during the avian influenza virus surveillance. Thus, it was demonstrated again that the territory of Russia plays a key geographical role in the global spread of avian influenza virus.

scholarly journals Age-Dependent Lethality in Ducks Caused by Highly Pathogenic H5N6 Avian Influenza Virus

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 591
Author(s):  
Yunyueng Jang ◽  
Sang Heui Seo
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Avian Influenza Virus ◽  
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Cell Damage ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Avian Influenza Viruses ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Age Dependent

Ducks show notably higher resistance to highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses as compared to chickens. Here, we studied the age-dependent susceptibility in ducks to the infections caused by highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses. We intranasally infected ducks aged 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks with highly pathogenic H5N6 avian influenza viruses isolated in South Korea in 2016. All the 1-and 2-week-old ducks died after infection, 20% of 3-week-old ducks died, and from the ducks aged 4 and 8 weeks, all of them survived. We performed microarray analysis and quantitative real-time PCR using total RNA isolated from the lungs of infected 2- and 4-week-old ducks to determine the mechanism underlying the age-dependent susceptibility to highly pathogenic avian influenza virus. Limited genes were found to be differentially expressed between the lungs of 2- and 4-week-old ducks. Cell damage-related genes, such as CIDEA and ND2, and the immune response-related gene NR4A3 were notably induced in the lungs of infected 2-week-old ducks compared to those in the lungs of infected 4-week-old ducks.

scholarly journals Reverse genetics of influenza viruses

2006 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 153
Author(s):  
Glenn A Marsh
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Virus Replication ◽  
Reverse Genetics ◽  
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus ◽  
Virus Replication Cycle

Reverse genetics for generation of influenza viruses is a powerful tool allowing for the direct manipulation of the genome of viruses. It has the potential to allow for the generation of safer and more immunogenic vaccines and for a better understanding of the virus replication cycle. Reverse genetics is essential tool for producing a vaccine against the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus.

scholarly journals A reassortant highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N6 virus originating from the wildbird-origin H5N6 and the poultry H9N2/H7N9 viruses in Xinjiang, China

2021 ◽  
Vol 77 (06) ◽  
pp. 6532-2021
Author(s):  
QIAN ZHANG ◽  
XINDI MEI ◽  
CHENG ZHANG ◽  
FEI DU ◽  
NANA CHANG ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Avian Influenza Virus ◽  
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Sequence Identity ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus

The asian lineage of H5, H7, and H9 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) is the most prevalent in the world, and the co-existence of H5, H7, and H9 viruses provide an opportunity to generate some novel reassortants. Herein we report our isolation of two H5N6 virus strains (named XJ-H5N6) from domestic geese in live poultry markets (LPMs) in Urumqi during the winter of 2016-2017, and analysis of the viral genetic mutations, pathogenicity, reassortant, and origin. BLAST analysis revealed that the HA, NA, MP, NP, and NS of XJ-H5N6 had the highest sequence identity (98.5-99.5%) with those 5 genes from H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) isolated from wild birds in Ningxia (NX-WB-H5N6); the viral PA and PB1 had the highest sequence identity (98.6% and 98.9%) with those 2 genes from HPAIV strain A/Environment/Chongqing/45373/2015 (H5N6) (CQ-EN-H5N6); while the viral PB2 had the highest sequence identity (99.0%) with this gene from low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) strain A/environment/Jiangsu/01.20 TCCX004/2015 (H9N2). Except for the PB2, phylogenetic analysis showed that the other 7 viral genes were clustered together with NX-WB-H5N6 and CQ-EN-H5N6, while the viral PB2 was clustered together with the poultry H9N2/H7N9 viruses. The viral HA protein contained multiple basic amino acid residues (RRRKR/GL) at the cleavage site which represents HPAIV. Additionally, the viral multiple mutations could enhance the viral virulence and the capacity of cross-species transmission. Our data indicate that XJ-H5N6 has been generated by the reassortant of H5N6 HPAIV from wild birds in Ningxia and H9N2/H7N9 LPAIV in poultry. The results of this study may help us understand the viral adaptation and transmission patterns from wild birds to poultry.

scholarly journals Overview of the Epizootiological Situation on Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Russia in 2020

2021 ◽  
pp. 33-40
Author(s):  
V. Yu. Marchenko ◽  
N. I. Goncharova ◽  
E. V. Gavrilova ◽  
R. A. Maksyutov ◽  
A. B. Ryzhikov
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Avian Influenza Virus ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus ◽  
Human Infections

This review describes the current situation on highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in 2020 and provides forecast of the possible further spread of avian influenza in Russia. In 2020, the circulation of a wide variety of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtypes which have epizootiological and epidemiological significance was recorded in the world. Outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza were reported in over 30 countries. Apart from this, human infections with influenza viruses of the A/H5Nx and A/H9N2 subtypes were reported. There was a large-scale epizootic in Russia in 2020, which affected more than 10 regions. Outbreaks among wild birds and poultry were caused by the highly pathogenic influenza virus A/H5N8 of clade 2.3.4.4b. As a result of those outbreaks, more than 1.5 mil. poultry were killed or perished. It was revealed that strains of the influenza virus isolated in Russia have a high degree of identity with the strains circulating in Europe and Southeast Asia. Thus, it was shown again that the territory of Russia plays an important role in the global spread of avian influenza virus. 

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