scholarly journals Toni Morrison’s Beloved:

2008 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inez Martinez
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Black Community ◽  
African American Community ◽  
Collective Consciousness ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Love Relationships ◽  
Cultural Complex ◽  
Mothers And Children ◽  
Mother Complex ◽  
The Ideal

Toni Morrison’s Beloved explores how the American decision to enslave Africans was a failure in love affecting the love relationships between enslaved mothers and children, mates, and members of the free black community. Through focus on maternal infanticide, the novel makes conscious the slave mothers’ plight: since they could not offer their children lives in freedom, they experienced motherlove as “as a killer.” The concepts of cultural phantom, cultural shadow, and cultural complex help identify what in Beloved is being drawn from collective unconsciousness for purposes of collective healing. The following analysis distinguishes personal complexes, such as the protagonist’s negative mother complex, from cultural complexes, such as the guilt issuing from the structural impossibility of protecting ones children from slavery. Morrison’s giving conscious representation to the psychological legacy of slavery opens a possibility of increased psychological freedom for the African-American community. Further, because Beloved offers to American collective consciousness the understanding that enslaving people is a failure in love, it provides an opportunity for all Americans to help heal the American dream, making it more whole by enabling the rights to life, liberty, and equal justice for all through incorporating the ideal of love of one another.  

John Ballard and the African American Community in Los Angeles, 1850–1905

2012 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-229
Author(s):  
Patty R. Colman
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Black Community ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Political Activism ◽  
African American Community ◽  
Property Ownership ◽  
Santa Monica Mountains ◽  
Santa Monica ◽  
Institution Formation

John Ballard, an African American pioneer from Kentucky, became a leader of Los Angeles's black community, 1850s–1870s. His story illustrates the early opportunities for black Angelenos in institution-formation, political activism, property ownership, and economic success. However, with the railroad booms of the 1870s and 1880s, Ballard and other prominent black citizens suffered a loss of social and economic status. Ballard ended up homesteading in the Santa Monica Mountains.

A Ministry of Empowerment: A Holistic Model for Pastoral Counseling in the African American Community

1991 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 355-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Y. Wiley
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Black Community ◽  
Pastoral Counseling ◽  
Black Church ◽  
African American Community ◽  
Holistic Model ◽  
Holistic Ministry ◽  
The Relationship

Opines that in order for specialized pastoral counseling to effectively address the broad and complex diversity of the African American community, it must re-examine the pastoral counseling movement's Eurocentric approach and look realistically at the characteristics of the Black Church and the black community. Illustrates ways in which one institution—the Center for Holistic Ministry—attempts to meet the challenge implicit in the African American community. Explicates several facets of the relationship between the African American pastoral counseling movement and the pastoral counseling movement at large.

Detroit Black Community Food Security Network

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malik Yakini
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Food Security ◽  
Black Community ◽  
Executive Director ◽  
Food Sovereignty ◽  
Active Role ◽  
African American Community ◽  
Community Food Security ◽  
Security Network ◽  
The City

In this interview chapter, Malik Yakini, executive director of the Detroit Black Community Food Security Network (DBCFSN) discusses issues of food security and food sovereignty in Detroit. DBCFSN was formed in 2006 in order to address food insecurity among Detroit’s African-American community and to organize members of that community to play a more active role in local food security and food sovereignty. Yakini discusses the general food context in Detroit and why organisations such as his are necessary in the city. He also reflects on the ways in which Detroit has been represented and how gentrification is changing the perceptions of the city. He is critical of the racial implications of gentrification in Greater Downtown Detroit and what this means for the city’s African American community.

The Manifestation of Slave Trauma in Lyrics: A Reading of Select Slave Songs

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
Mala Annamma Mathew
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Collective Memory ◽  
Toni Morrison ◽  
Research Paper ◽  
Cultural Trauma ◽  
African American Community ◽  
Collective Consciousness ◽  
Communal Experience

This research paper looks into the effect of slavery, as a traumatic communal experience, on music and lyrics. It focuses on the development of narratives out of the collective memory of trauma in the African-American community; which in turn worked first as a tool for freedom and evolved to function as cure and testimony. It addresses the issue of trauma being imbibed into a collective consciousness of a culture and its reflection in the narratives. The research paper looks at narratives used as escape slave codes and deconstructs them. While the primary text used to understand cultural trauma is the lyrics to the song “Strange Fruit” sung by Billie Holiday and written by Abel Meeropol. Trauma theories by Cathy Caruth, Jeffrey C. Alexander and Toni Morrison are used to understand how trauma is manifested in lyrics. The research paper will also look into the account of Billie Holiday to understand the development of Strange Fruit as an anthem and how she performed the song for racially integrated audiences when she felt that the song would receive its due.

scholarly journals “You better not never tell nobody but God. It’d kill your mammy ”: The Violence of Language in Alice Walker’s The Color Purple

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-87
Author(s):  
Kouadio Germain N’Guessan
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Black Community ◽  
Literary Tradition ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Black Girl ◽  
Female Protagonists ◽  
Patriarchal System ◽  
The Color Purple ◽  
Epistolary Form ◽  
Color Purple

Abstract Alice Walker’s The Color Purple dramatizes African American women’s plight through the experience of a black girl, Celie, caught in the turmoil of the patriarchal system of her community. Leaning on the epistolary form and also choosing to address the black woman’s oppression first within the black community itself, the author detaches herself from the mainstream African American literary tradition to create a personal style. One of the characteristic traits of the novel is language as a communicative tool in the characters’ interrelation. In the narrative, this tool is mostly used to oppress the female protagonists, demonstrating thus its violent aspect. But sometimes, even though very rarely in the novel, it helps the oppressed subject to claim a voice. Finally, the epistolary form serves to create more emotion in the readers and consequently produces more reaction in them.

L’absence qui devient présence : la vie et l’Idée dans Sixtine de Remy de Gourmont

2011 ◽  
pp. 32-38
Author(s):  
Agata Sadkowska-Fidala
Keyword(s):  
The Novel ◽  
Principal Character ◽  
Ideal Woman ◽  
The Ideal

Sixtine by Remy de Gourmont marks the refusal of nature and tangible reality and the choice of imagination to the detriment of reality. Its principal character, Hubert d’Entragues is a faithful disciple of idealism of symbolism. Since he chooses to think rather that to live, it is not surprising that the plot of the novel is almost nonexistent. The plot develops around of d’Entragues’ desire to win the beautiful Sixtine, which is in itself condemned to failure since he is doing nothing to reach her and refuses to take any effort. The woman, who could have served as the principal impulse of the plot, is practically inexistent in this story (though it is a passionate story) and is replaced by the ideal woman: the story is doubled by the second story, e.g. a novel written by the character which is a transposition of his “cerebral” relation with Sixtine and a realisation of presence of the latter. Art replaces life and life does not exist in itself. It is shaped by thought. But the chosen absence of any facts of life is fruitful: it gives birth to a novel. It is a story of a prisoner in love with the statute of the Virgin which he sees while taking a daily walk. In this novel the carnal accomplishment is not necessary in order for a true and sincere passion to develop and the satisfaction of desire may destroy the dream and the ideal.

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