Aedes Mosquito: Harbinger of Dread

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kalpana Singh ◽  
Shilpa Nandan
Keyword(s):  
Yellow Fever ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
World Health ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Aedes Mosquito ◽  
Holometabolous Insect ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Complete Metamorphosis ◽  
Maxillary Palps

Mosquitoes (Insecta: Diptera) are well known vector for many bacterial, viral and protozoan diseases. The chief culprits belong to mainly three genuses viz. Culex, Anopheles, Aedes. The morphology of Aedes (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquito is unique as they have pattern of light and dark bands on their leg and light and dark scales are found on thorax and abdomen. The females are distinguished by the shape of abdomen which is usually pointed at the tip and their maxillary palps are shorter than their proboscis. It is a holometabolous insect having all the four life stages of complete metamorphosis viz. egg, larvae, pupa and adult. There are about 950 species of Aedes found throughout the world. Aedes females are vector for transmitting the deadly diseases like Dengue, Yellow fever, Chikungunia and Zika virus. According to World Health Organization (W.H.O) about 50-100 million of dengue cases are reported every year.

Response to Austriaco on Vaccine Passports

2021 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 4-4
Author(s):  
Joseph Meaney ◽  
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Yellow Fever ◽  
International Travel ◽  
World Health ◽  
Yellow Fever Vaccine ◽  
Work Activities ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

This essay clarifies the author’s objections to COVID-19 vaccine credentials voiced in “The Ethics of COVID-19 Vaccine Passports.” The author’s objections centered on discriminatory practices based on vaccine status for domestic social and work activities, but he agrees with the World Health Organization that these credentials should not be required for international travel. In addition, there is a significant ethical different between currently available COVID-19 vaccines and the yellow fever vaccine because the former are produced or tested using abortion-derived cell lines. The yellow fever vaccine is much less ethically problematic. This situation could change with the approval of new COVID-19 vaccines without links to abortion-derived cell lines.

scholarly journals Immunological Assays used to Support Efficacy of Zika Virus Vaccines

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 97
Author(s):  
Kenneth H. Eckels ◽  
Rafael A. De La Barrera ◽  
Joseph Robert Putnak
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Public Sector ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Public Health Emergency ◽  
World Health ◽  
Vaccine Candidates ◽  
The World ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
Immunological Assays ◽  
Health Organization

In February of 2016, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared Zika virus (ZIKV) a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. This prompted a rapid response from both the private and public sector resulting in the generation of several promising vaccine candidates. In this review, we discuss published scientific efforts associated with these novel vaccines, emphasizing the immunological assays used to evaluate their immunogenicity and efficacy, and support future licensure.

Zika

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 224-227
Author(s):  
Rabia Aftab
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Public Health Emergency ◽  
World Health ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Geographic Spread ◽  
The World ◽  
Public Health Threat ◽  
Health Organization

The Zika virus (ZIKV), first discovered in 1947, has emerged as a global public health threat over the last decade, with an accelerated geographic spread of the virus occurring in the last 5 years. The World Health Organization (WHO) predicts that millions of cases of ZIKV are likely to occur in the Americas between 2016 and 2017. These projections, in conjunction with an increase in newborn microcephaly cases that are suspected to be ZIKV-associated, prompted the WHO to declare a public health emergency of international concern in February 2016. With the current media attention, it is likely that GPs will be consulted on th topic, particularly by pregnant women.

scholarly journals Zika Virus and the World Health Organization Criteria for Determining Recent Infection Using Plaque Reduction Neutralization Testing

2018 ◽  
Vol 99 (3) ◽  
pp. 780-782 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew J. Ward ◽  
Jackeline Alger ◽  
Mabel Berrueta ◽  
Harry Bock ◽  
Pierre Buekens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
World Health ◽  
Recent Infection ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

Zika Virus and the Water Supply Chain

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (04) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chakaela N Turner
Keyword(s):  
Zika Virus ◽  
Neurological Complications ◽  
Subcortical White Matter ◽  
World Health ◽  
Autoimmune Response ◽  
Response Measure ◽  
Zikv Infection ◽  
The World ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Health Organization

Recently, an epidemic broke out in South America, more specifically Brazil, which is harmful to women baring a child. This epidemic originally began in West Africa. This concern is associated with the increased incident of microcephaly in newborns to mothers infected by the virus. An ultrasound performed at 29 weeks of development uncovered microcephaly with calcifications in the fetal mind and placenta (Miaker, 2016). After the mother asked for a termination of the pregnancy, a fetal post-mortem examination was performed. Microcephaly was seen with verging multifocal dystrophic calcifications in the cortex and subcortical white matter, with related cortical dislodging and gentle central irritation. Zika Virus, or ZIKV, was found in the fetal cerebrum tissue on converse transcriptase–polymerase-chain-response measure, with predictable discoveries on electron microscopy. The complete genome of the virus was recuperated from the fetal mind (Miaker, 2016). The outbreak of “Guillian-Barre Syndrome, [a condition in which the immune system attacks the nerves], and Microcephaly, [meaning little cerebrum], have led the World Health Organization to declare a global health emergency. Gangliosides are crucial in brain development, and their expression correlates with neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, synaptic transmission, and cell proliferation. Targeting the autoimmune response to gangliosides may represent an underexploited opportunity to examine the increased incidence of neurological complications related to ZIKV infection” (Anaya et al., 2016). The purpose of this literature review is to determine the effects of the ZIKV on the nervous system in humans and across other species; we will also determine how Gullain-Barre Syndrome, or GBS, and Microcephaly are developed, and a probable cure to ZIKV.

scholarly journals ZIKA VIRUS: REVIEW OF CURRENT STATUS

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 30
Author(s):  
Koppala Rvs Chaitanya ◽  
Venna R Surya Anusha
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Transmission ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
World Health ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
Background Structure ◽  
The World ◽  
Congenital Zika Syndrome ◽  
Health Organization

Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne virus which startled the world with its tremendous outbreaks in Africa, America, Asia, and Pacific region. Although the symptoms are mild such as fever and headache, its complications are severe in newborn: Guillain-Barre Syndrome and congenital Zika syndrome including microcephaly. Its ability to transmit through vector and non-vector means especially vertical transmission made it a potential threat. The World Health Organization with the support of other organizations implemented several programs to eradicate the spread of the virus. Development of a vaccine for ZIKV is still under clinical trials. An anti-hepatitis C drug was repurposed for treating infected persons especially pregnant women to limit vertical transmission of ZIKV. This review focuses on the historical background, structure, phylogeny, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of ZIKV along with strategies planned for control and monitoring of ZIKV.

scholarly journals ZIKA VIRUS: A BRIEF REVIEW

2020 ◽  
pp. 21-24
Author(s):  
KANAAN AL-TAMEEMI ◽  
RAIAAN KABAKLI
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Diagnostic Techniques ◽  
Public Health Emergency ◽  
World Health ◽  
The World ◽  
Global Concern ◽  
Health Organization

This review highlights the Zika virus which is considered a global concern due to its rapid pandemic potential and effect on humans, and according to its pandemic status, the World Health Organization declared on February 2016 it as a “Public Health Emergency of International Concern.” Therefore, we define the epidemiology of Zika virus in addition to its pathogenesis, diagnostic techniques, and treatment.

scholarly journals Public health emergencies of international concern and the revision of the International Health Regulations – latest update

2002 ◽  
Vol 6 (20) ◽  
Author(s):  
N Gill
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Yellow Fever ◽  
International Health ◽  
Progress Report ◽  
World Health ◽  
International Health Regulations ◽  
Public Health Emergencies ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Health Regulations

The latest progress report from the World Health Organization (WHO) states that broadening the requirement to notify WHO, from the present three diseases listed in the regulations (cholera, plague and yellow fever), is central to the revision of the International Health Regulations (IHR) that is under way (1).

scholarly journals The voyages of Zika virus

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 206
Author(s):  
Derek Gatherer
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
West Coast ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Cape Verde ◽  
World Health ◽  
The West ◽  
Cape Verde Islands ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

The announcement in May this year from the World Health Organization, that the Zika virus outbreak that began in October 2015 in the Cape Verde Islands off the west coast of Africa was an American variant of Zika virus, confirmed that Zika has now circumnavigated the world.

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