scholarly journals Marginality of Rural Migrant Students in Eleven Chinese High Schools

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tao Wang
Keyword(s):  
High Schools ◽  
Life Experience ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Urban Life ◽  
Rural Students ◽  
Rural Culture ◽  
Urban High Schools ◽  
Migrant Students ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Lower Socioeconomic

Since Chinese economic reform in the 1980s that prompted increased urbanization, gap between rural and urban places continually widen, and obvious cultural differences are observed. Rural populations migrate to heterogeneous urban environments and meet problems of marginality. Most rural students enter the city when receiving senior high school education in urban high schools. Perceiving the differences in urban life, these students begin to acquire urbanite and urban cultural personalities. Meanwhile, because of their original lower socioeconomic status, they are caught between rural culture and urban culture, and experience marginality in different ways. Based on insights derived from visiting 11 urban high schools and talking to 55 students, this paper details their marginal experiences in study adaption, life experience, social interaction, relationships, and value are described.

scholarly journals Prevalence and factors associated with thinness among adolescent girls attending high schools in rural and urban high schools of Soro District, Hadiya Zone, Southern Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denebo Akiso ◽  
Tefera Belachew ◽  
Tegegn Arficho ◽  
Beakal Zinab
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
High Schools ◽  
Adolescent Girls ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Household Wealth ◽  
Southern Ethiopia ◽  
Urban High Schools ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Hadiya Zone

Abstract Background Despite the government of Ethiopia is striving to reduce the prevalence of the undernutrition, thinness among adolescents is one of the challenging nutritional issues in lifecycle approach in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study was aimed on determining the prevalence of thinness and its associated factors among adolescent girls attending high schools in Soro District, Hadiya Zone, Southern Ethiopia. Methods Institution based comparative cross sectional study design was employed. The study was conducted from March 15 to April 15, 2019 in high schools of rural and urban settings of Sorro District, Hadiya Zone. Both binary and multivariable logistic regression analysis were done to identify the factors associated with thinness among adolescent girls. Result A total of 414 adolescent girls were participated in this study making the response rate of 100%. The mean age were (17.01± 1.55) and 16.90 ± 1.48, P = 0.437) among adolescent girls in rural and urban high schools respectively. The overall prevalence of the thinness among female adolescents attending high schools in Soro district, Hadiya Zone was 6.8%. There was no statistically significant difference in thinness among adolescent girls in rural and urban high schools. Household wealth tertile AOR: 4.19; 95% C.I: 1.13-15.47, P <0.05, source of drinking water AOR: 2.31; 95% C.I: 1.01-5.30, P <0.05, dietary diversity AOR: 3.99; C.I: 1.15-13.82, P <0.05 and skipping breakfast AOR: 2.97; C.I: 1.28-6.92, P <0.05 were found to be independent factors associated with thinness. Conclusion Being low in household wealth tertile, unprotected source of drinking water, inadequate dietary diversity and skipping breakfast were those factors identified to be independently associated with thinness among female adolescents. Attention should be given from government and nongovernmental organizations by empowering household economic capacity, extending access for pure drinking water and increasing nutrition sensitive agriculture focusing on maintaining food varieties.

Planning for the Future in Rural and Urban High Schools

2001 ◽  
Vol 6 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 73-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Gándara ◽  
Dianna Gutiáez ◽  
Susan O'Hara
Keyword(s):  
High Schools ◽  
Urban High Schools ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
The Future

African Adolescents and Their Teachers: Sex and Rural-Urban Comparisons in Teachers’ Perceived Behaviors

2000 ◽  
Vol 86 (3_part_2) ◽  
pp. 1229-1233
Author(s):  
Mzobanzi M. Mboya
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
High Schools ◽  
Teacher Behavior ◽  
Urban High Schools ◽  
Adolescent Boys ◽  
Rural And Urban

This study investigated rural-urban differences in teachers’ perceived behaviors among African adolescent, boys and girls. On the Perceived Teacher Behavior Inventory administered to 354 boys and 530 girls from four rural and urban high schools in South Africa no significant sex differences were found on the subscales of Generalized Support, Positive Expectations, and Participation. Rural boys and girls scored significantly higher, however, than their urban peers on the Generalized Support and Participation.

African Adolescents and Their Teachers: Sex and Rural-Urban Comparisons in Teachers' Perceived Behaviors

2000 ◽  
Vol 86 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1229-1233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mzobanzi M. Mboya
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
High Schools ◽  
Teacher Behavior ◽  
Urban High Schools ◽  
Adolescent Boys ◽  
Rural And Urban

This study investigated rural-urban differences in teachers' perceived behaviors among African adolescent boys and girls. On the Perceived Teacher Behavior Inventory administered to 354 boys and 530 girls from four rural and urban high schools in South Africa no significant sex differences were found on the subscales of Generalized Support, Positive Expectations, and Participation. Rural boys and girls scored significantly higher, however, than their urban peers on the Generalized Support and Participation.

Influence of Rural and Urban Environments on the Health Outlook of Twelfth Grade Students in Jordan

1988 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-171
Author(s):  
Kapur S. Ahlawat ◽  
Elias Baydoun
Keyword(s):  
Urban Environments ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Rural Students ◽  
Male Students ◽  
School Students ◽  
Public Health Programs ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Twelfth Grade ◽  
Rural And Urban Area ◽  
Urban Male

Using a sample of 312 grade twelve male and female students from rural and urban area schools in Jordan, the influence of rural and urban sociological environments on their health outlook was explored. The concept HEALTH was evaluatd on sixteen Semantic Differential scales. MANOVA and univariate F-tests revealed different effects of rural and urban environments on each gender. There were statistically significant ( p < .00) sex differences in the urban school students but not in the rural school students. Also there were statistically significant ( p < .03) environmental effects on the female students but not on the male students. In general urban female students held brighter perspectives of health than did urban male as well as rural female students. Between the males, rural students tended to show sunnier outlook toward health than did their urban cohorts but the differences were not statistically significant at alfa = .05 level. Implications for the development of health education curricula and public health programs were discussed.

scholarly journals Gut Microbiota Dynamics in Natural Populations of Pintomyia evansi under Experimental Infection with Leishmania infantum

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 1214
Author(s):  
Rafael José Vivero ◽  
Victor Alfonso Castañeda-Monsalve ◽  
Luis Roberto Romero ◽  
Gregory D. Hurst ◽  
Gloria Cadavid-Restrepo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Leishmania Infantum ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Illumina Miseq ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
High Load ◽  
Leishmania Infection ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Negative Effect

Pintomyia evansi is recognized by its vectorial competence in the transmission of parasites that cause fatal visceral leishmaniasis in rural and urban environments of the Caribbean coast of Colombia. The effect on and the variation of the gut microbiota in female P. evansi infected with Leishmania infantum were evaluated under experimental conditions using 16S rRNA Illumina MiSeq sequencing. In the coinfection assay with L. infantum, 96.8% of the midgut microbial population was composed mainly of Proteobacteria (71.0%), followed by Cyanobacteria (20.4%), Actinobacteria (2.7%), and Firmicutes (2.7%). In insect controls (uninfected with L. infantum) that were treated or not with antibiotics, Ralstonia was reported to have high relative abundance (55.1–64.8%), in contrast to guts with a high load of infection from L. infantum (23.4–35.9%). ASVs that moderately increased in guts infected with Leishmania were Bacillus and Aeromonas. Kruskal–Wallis nonparametric variance statistical inference showed statistically significant intergroup differences in the guts of P. evansi infected and uninfected with L. infantum (p < 0.05), suggesting that some individuals of the microbiota could induce or restrict Leishmania infection. This assay also showed a negative effect of the antibiotic treatment and L. infantum infection on the gut microbiota diversity. Endosymbionts, such as Microsporidia infections (<2%), were more often associated with guts without Leishmania infection, whereas Arsenophonus was only found in guts with a high load of Leishmania infection and treated with antibiotics. Finally, this is the first report that showed the potential role of intestinal microbiota in natural populations of P. evansi in susceptibility to L. infantum infection.

Damage assessment mapping of rural environments; integration of SAR and Optical data

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shiran Havivi ◽  
Stanley R. Rotman ◽  
Dan G. Blumberg ◽  
Shimrit Maman
Keyword(s):  
Natural Disaster ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Damage Assessment ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Optical Data ◽  
Damage Level ◽  
Rural Environments ◽  
Rural And Urban

&lt;p&gt;The damage caused by a natural disaster in rural areas differs in nature, extent, landscape and in structure, from the damage in urban environments. Previous and current studies focus mainly on mapping damaged structures in urban areas after catastrophe events such as an earthquake or tsunami. Yet, research focusing on the damage level or its distribution in rural areas is absent. In order to apply an emergency response and for effective disaster management, it is necessary to understand and characterize the nature of the damage in each different environment.&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Havivi et al. (2018), published a damage assessment algorithm that makes use of SAR images combined with optical data, for rapid mapping and compiling a damage assessment map following a natural disaster. The affected areas are analyzed using interferometric SAR (InSAR) coherence. To overcome the loss of coherence caused by changes in vegetation, optical images are used to produce a mask by computing the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and removing the vegetated area from the scene. Due to the differences in geomorphological settings and landuse\landcover between rural and urban settlements, the above algorithm is modified and adjusted by inserting the Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI) to better suit rural environments and their unique response after a disaster. MNDWI is used for detection, identification and extraction of waterbodies (such as irrigation canals, streams, rivers, lakes, etc.), allowing their removal which causes lack of coherence at the post stage of the event. Furthermore, it is used as an indicator for highlighting prone regions that might be severely affected pre disaster event. Thresholds are determined for the co-event coherence map (&amp;#8804; 0.5), the NDVI (&amp;#8805; 0.4) and the MNDWI (&amp;#8805; 0), and the three layers are combined into one. Based on the combined map, a damage assessment map is generated.&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;As a case study, this algorithm was applied to the areas affected by multi-hazard event, following the Sulawesi earthquake and subsequent tsunami in Palu, Indonesia, which occurred on September 28th, 2018. High-resolution COSMO-SkyMed images pre and post the event, alongside a Sentinel-2 image pre- event are used as inputs. The output damage assessment map provides a quantitative assessment and spatial distribution of the damage in both the rural and urban environments. The results highlight the applicability of the algorithm for a variety of disaster events and sensors. In addition, the results enhance the contribution of the water component to the analysis pre and post the event in rural areas. Thus, while in urban regions the spatial extent of the damage will occur in its proximity to the coastline or the fault, rural regions, even in significant distance will experience extensive damage due secondary hazards as liquefaction processes.&amp;#160; &amp;#160; &amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Bounding the Practical Error of Path Loss Models

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caleb Phillips ◽  
Douglas Sicker ◽  
Dirk Grunwald
Keyword(s):  
A Priori ◽  
Path Loss ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Production Networks ◽  
Modeling Error ◽  
Propagation Models ◽  
Performance Accuracy ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Standard Models ◽  
Loss Models

We seek to provide practical lower bounds on the prediction accuracy of path loss models. We describe and implement 30 propagation models of varying popularity that have been proposed over the last 70 years. Our analysis is performed using a large corpus of measurements collected on production networks operating in the 2.4 GHz ISM, 5.8 GHz UNII, and 900 MHz ISM bands in a diverse set of rural and urban environments. We find that the landscape of path loss models is precarious: typical best-case performance accuracy of these models is on the order of 12–15 dB root mean square error (RMSE) and in practice it can be much worse. Models that can be tuned with measurements and explicit data fitting approaches enable a reduction in RMSE to 8-9 dB. These bounds on modeling error appear to be relatively constant, even in differing environments and at differing frequencies. Based on our findings, we recommend the use of a few well-accepted and well-performing standard models in scenarios wherea prioripredictions are needed and argue for the use of well-validated, measurement-driven methods whenever possible.

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