AbstractIn order to solve the problems due to the thickening of drilling fluids at low temperatures caused by the use of high-molecular-weight polymer coating agents in offshore deep-sea oil and gas drilling, a low-molecular-weight polymer coating agent named PADA was synthesized with acrylamide, methacryloxyethyltrimethyl ammonium chloride, and 2-acrylamido-2-methyl propane sulfonic acid. The PADA polymer was characterized with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography. The shale inhibition effects of the PADA polymer and associated mechanisms were investigated by shale recovery and expansion experiments, transmission electron microscopy observation, particle size and zeta potential analysis, and interlayer spacing measurements. In addition, the effects of the coating agent on the filter cakes and the low temperature rheological properties of bentonite mud were also tested, and the polymer biodegradability was evaluated. The results showed that the molecular weight of the PADA polymer was 265,000 D, which was significantly lower than that of the traditional coating agents. The PADA had similar effects as two typical commercial products CAP and HPAM on inhibiting the hydration dispersion of shales and performed better than another product PAM. The inhibition effect was achieved by the polymer absorption onto the clay particles through both hydrogen bonding and the electrostatic interactions. The viscosity of bentonite mud containing PADA was much lower than that of mud with other coating agents at 4 °C, so the serious thickening caused by traditional coating agents at a low temperature could be avoided. In addition, it is relatively easily biodegraded.
Low-Molecular-Weight Hydrocarbons in Sediments of Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 93, Hole 603B, off the East Coast of North America