scholarly journals Experimental investigation of a low-molecular-weight polymer coating agent for deep-sea oil and gas drilling

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 2953-2962
Author(s):  
Xiaoxia Ren ◽  
Ran Liu ◽  
Zhe Ma
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
Polymer Coating ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Coating Agent ◽  
Molecular Weight Polymer ◽  
Gas Drilling ◽  
Coating Agents

AbstractIn order to solve the problems due to the thickening of drilling fluids at low temperatures caused by the use of high-molecular-weight polymer coating agents in offshore deep-sea oil and gas drilling, a low-molecular-weight polymer coating agent named PADA was synthesized with acrylamide, methacryloxyethyltrimethyl ammonium chloride, and 2-acrylamido-2-methyl propane sulfonic acid. The PADA polymer was characterized with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography. The shale inhibition effects of the PADA polymer and associated mechanisms were investigated by shale recovery and expansion experiments, transmission electron microscopy observation, particle size and zeta potential analysis, and interlayer spacing measurements. In addition, the effects of the coating agent on the filter cakes and the low temperature rheological properties of bentonite mud were also tested, and the polymer biodegradability was evaluated. The results showed that the molecular weight of the PADA polymer was 265,000 D, which was significantly lower than that of the traditional coating agents. The PADA had similar effects as two typical commercial products CAP and HPAM on inhibiting the hydration dispersion of shales and performed better than another product PAM. The inhibition effect was achieved by the polymer absorption onto the clay particles through both hydrogen bonding and the electrostatic interactions. The viscosity of bentonite mud containing PADA was much lower than that of mud with other coating agents at 4 °C, so the serious thickening caused by traditional coating agents at a low temperature could be avoided. In addition, it is relatively easily biodegraded.

Influence of low-molecular-weight copolymers of ethylene with vinyl acetate on the low-temperature properties of diesel fuel

1974 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 615-618 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. G. Krasnyanskaya ◽  
B. V. Gryaznov ◽  
V. A. Kryunina ◽  
S. L. Lyubimova ◽  
V. N. Monastyrskii ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Vinyl Acetate ◽  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Low Molecular Weight

scholarly journals Steric stabilization of nanoparticles with grafted low molecular weight ligands in highly concentrated brines including divalent ions

Soft Matter ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 2025-2039 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew J. Worthen ◽  
Vu Tran ◽  
Kevin A. Cornell ◽  
Thomas M. Truskett ◽  
Keith P. Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Environmental Science ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Biological Fluids ◽  
Steric Stabilization ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Divalent Ions ◽  
Gas Reservoirs ◽  
Oil And Gas Reservoirs

Whereas numerous studies of stabilization of nanoparticles (NPs) in electrolytes have examined biological fluids, the interest has grown recently in media with much higher ionic strengths including seawater and brines relevant to environmental science and subsurface oil and gas reservoirs.

8 Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Polyquaternium-11

1983 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 161-178 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
High Molecular Weight ◽  
Skin Irritation ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Final Report ◽  
Dermal Toxicity ◽  
Molecular Weight Polymer ◽  
Patch Tests ◽  
Skin Patch ◽  
Available Information

Polyquaternium-11 is a quaternized copolymer of vinylpyrrolidone and di-methylamine ethylmethacrylate, and is used at concentrations up to 50% in a variety of hair care preparations. The acute oral LD50 in test animals of high molecular weight Polyqua-ternium-11 is estimated to be greater than 12.8 g/kg; the LD50 for the low molecular weight polymer is calculated to be 6.2 g/kg. At concentrations of up to 50% in water, the raw ingredient produced no signs of skin or eye irritation. There was no evidence of dermal toxicity in subchronic tests nor in a maximization test for sensitization. In clinical studies, 1 of 19 subjects showed slight skin irritation after a 24-hour single insult skin patch with 9.5% Polyquaternium-11 in water. Repeated insult patch tests at concentrations up to 50% produced no instances of skin sensitization and only isolated instances of transient skin irritation. Clinical photoreactivity studies on both low and high molecular weight polymers showed no evidence of phototoxicity or photoallergenicity. From the available information, it is concluded that Polyquaternium-11 is safe as a cosmetic ingredient in the present practices of use.

scholarly journals Low-temperature dynamics in amorphous polymers and low-molecular-weight glasses—what is the difference?

2011 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1843-1848 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Yu. Eremchev ◽  
Yury G. Vainer ◽  
Andrei V. Naumov ◽  
Lothar Kador
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Amorphous Polymers ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Temperature Dynamics ◽  
The Difference

Low-temperature chemical vapour curing using iodine for fabrication of continuous silicon carbide fibres from low-molecular-weight polycarbosilane

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (8) ◽  
pp. 2781 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junsung Hong ◽  
Kwang-Yeon Cho ◽  
Dong-Geun Shin ◽  
Jeong-Il Kim ◽  
Sung-Tag Oh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Silicon Carbide ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Chemical Vapour ◽  
Low Molecular Weight

scholarly journals The Distribution of Gases within the Combustion Coal of a Cigarette

1973 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
R.R. Baker ◽  
K.D. Kilburn
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Temperature Region ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Mainstream Smoke ◽  
Carbon Oxides ◽  
Sampling Probe ◽  
Combustion Region

AbstractMeasurements have been made of the distribution of temperature and low molecular weight gases within a burning cigarette, using a sampling probe coupled directly to a mass spectrometer (or Bosch carbon monoxide meter). The interior of the combustion coal is effectively an oxygen-deficient pyrolytic region. The oxides of carbon are produced in two distinct regions: a high-temperature (about 400-800°C) combustion region and a low- temperature (about 150-400°C) pyrolysis region. In the high-temperature coal the carbonised tobacco acts very much as a classical oxidizing solid fuel bed of carbon to give the two carbon oxides (and water). In the low-temperature region behind the coaI tobacco decomposes to give a substantiaI proportion of the carbon oxides and a major proportion of the hydrocarbons found in mainstream smoke.

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