Pigment profile and toxin composition during a red tide ofGymnodinium catenatumGraham andMyrionecta rubra(Lohman) Jankowski in coastal waters off Mar del Plata, Argentina
The Gulf of Oman, an ecologically and economically rich ecosystem, is frequently impacted by occurrences of harmful algal blooms. Recent studies indicate an increase in the number of causative species and harmful impacts. Many red tide incidents in Oman have been found leading to hypoxia. The frequent bloom forming species here are Karenia selliformis, Nitzschia pungens, Prorocentrum arabianum and Trichodesmium erythraeum. We review work carried out in this area, and we propose here a Management Action Plan for not only an effective monitoring system for harmful algal blooms (HABs), but also mitigation of their adverse impacts and rapid response system.
Over the past decade, there has been a growing concern over invasion of Florida Gulf Coastal Waters and beaches by several algal blooms created by “red tides”. These algal blooms create various toxins that pose high risks for marine life, livestock, birds, and humans [1, 2]. The algae become so numerous that they discolor gulf waters and beaches. Since the 1980’s, red tides have been seen in many countries throughout the globe (i.e., South America, Central America, Japan, caribbean, South Pacific regions, etc.).
<em>Abstract</em>.—Red tides or blooms of the naturally occurring dinoflagellate <em>Karenia brevis </em>occur in the Gulf of Mexico from Texas to Florida and in the Atlantic from Florida to North Carolina. Blooms are particularly frequent and prolonged along Florida’s southwest coast. In recent years, red tide blooms have been persistent and devastating. These events have heightened the public perception that increased nutrient loads are exacerbating the frequency and severity of red tides in bays and nearshore coastal waters. In 2001, a telephone survey of 1,006 randomly selected households in southwest Florida was conducted to assess the public’s knowledge of red tide. Adult respondents were queried about their awareness of red tide and their knowledge of the biology, environmental effects, and human health effects of red tide. The most frequently cited sources of information were television and newspapers, followed by radio and word of mouth. Brochures, Internet Web sites, workshops, and meetings were less important sources of information. One of the most significant findings was that respondents were not aware that red tides originate in offshore waters. This finding is particularly important as citizen groups are seeking strategies to either minimize or control red tides in bays and nearshore coastal waters.
Abstract
Between 1973–2017, evidences of red-tide outbreaks and oil spill accidents in the Chinese coastal waters were collected. Statistical analysis and multiple regression models were used to determine the relationship between the red tide and the oil spill. Major findings reveal that, (1) the frequency of red tides positively correlates to the number of oil spills and the volume of oil spilled as well; (2) The higher percentage of small spills (< 7 tonnes) are more likely to enhance the outbreaks of red tides; (3) More severe oil spill with penalty recorded implies a higher possibility to trigger the red tide afterwards. Therefore, oil spill contingency management aiming at preventing oil spills and mitigating spill effect could be of benefit to decrease the frequency of red tides as well. For example, it is suggested to carry out physical combat instead of chemical dispersants to remove the spilled oil in the shallow coastal areas for reducing the outbreak risk of red tides after the oil spill. The findings from this study shed light on the preventative management of red tides occurrence in the Chinese coastal waters and the similar coastal region elsewhere.
STATISTICAL ANALYSES WITH METEOROLOGICAL FACTORS, AND APPLICATIONS OF RS AND GIS TECHNIQUES FOR RED TIDE FORMATION IN THE KOREAN COASTAL WATERS