scholarly journals Are Oil Spills Enhancing Outbreaks of Red Tides in the Chinese Coastal Waters from 1973-2017?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
xin LIU ◽  
chunchang zhang ◽  
ruiying geng ◽  
xin lv
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Coastal Waters ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Red Tide ◽  
Contingency Management ◽  
Coastal Region ◽  
Red Tides ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Spilled Oil ◽  
Shed Light

Abstract Between 1973–2017, evidences of red-tide outbreaks and oil spill accidents in the Chinese coastal waters were collected. Statistical analysis and multiple regression models were used to determine the relationship between the red tide and the oil spill. Major findings reveal that, (1) the frequency of red tides positively correlates to the number of oil spills and the volume of oil spilled as well; (2) The higher percentage of small spills (< 7 tonnes) are more likely to enhance the outbreaks of red tides; (3) More severe oil spill with penalty recorded implies a higher possibility to trigger the red tide afterwards. Therefore, oil spill contingency management aiming at preventing oil spills and mitigating spill effect could be of benefit to decrease the frequency of red tides as well. For example, it is suggested to carry out physical combat instead of chemical dispersants to remove the spilled oil in the shallow coastal areas for reducing the outbreak risk of red tides after the oil spill. The findings from this study shed light on the preventative management of red tides occurrence in the Chinese coastal waters and the similar coastal region elsewhere.

scholarly journals MODELING THE WIND INFLUENCE IN AN OIL SPILL ALONG THE SOUTHERN BRAZILIAN SHELF

2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 100
Author(s):  
C. E. Stringari ◽  
W. C. Marques ◽  
L. F. Mello ◽  
R. T. Edit
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Marine Ecosystem ◽  
Computational Cost ◽  
Temperature Fields ◽  
Local Wind ◽  
Wind Influence ◽  
Oil Density ◽  
Environmental Agencies ◽  
Spilled Oil

Oil spills can generate different effects in different time scales on the marine ecosystem. The numerical modeling of this process is an important tool with low computational cost which provides a powerful appliance to environmental agencies regarding the risk management. In this way, the objective of this work is evaluate the local wind influence in a hypothetical oil spill along the Southern Brazilian shelf. The numerical simulation was carried using the ECOS model (Easy Coupling Oil System), an oil spill model developed at the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande – FURG, coupled with the tridimensional hydrodynamical model TELEMAC3D (EDF, France). The hydrodynamic model provides the velocities, salinity and temperature fields used by the oil spill model to evaluate the behavior and fate of the oil. The results suggest that the local wind influence are the main forcing driven the fate of the spilled oil. The direction and intensity of the currents are important controlling the behavior and the tridimensional transportation of the oil, on the other hand, the turbulent diffusion is important for the horizontal drift of the oil. The weathering results indicate 40% of evaporation and 80% of emulsification, and the combination of these processes leads an increasing of the oil density around 53.4 kg/m³ after 5 days of simulation.

“An Inevitable Consequence:” Changing Ideas of Prevention in the Wake of Catastrophic Events

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 412-438
Author(s):  
TERESA SABOL SPEZIO
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Oil Spill ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Oil Industry ◽  
Visual Evidence ◽  
The Face ◽  
Policy Transformation ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Oil Spill Cleanup ◽  
Spilled Oil

AbstractIn the face of technology failures in preventing oil from reaching beaches and coasts after catastrophic oil spills in the 1960s and early 1970s, the oil industry and governmental officials needed to quickly reconsider their idea of prevention. Initially, prevention meant stopping spilled oil from coating beaches and coasts. Exploring the presentations at three oil-spill conferences in 1969, 1971 and 1973, this idea of prevention changed as the technological optimism of finding effective methods met the realities of oil-spill cleanup. By 1973, prevention meant stopping oil spills before they happened. This rapid policy transformation came about because the oil industry could not hide the visual evidence of the source of their technology failures. In this century, as policymakers confront invisible pollutants such as pesticides and greenhouse gases, considering ways to visually show the source of the pollution along with the effects could quicken policy decisions.

Recent Results from Oil Spill Response Research

1991 ◽  
Vol 1991 (1) ◽  
pp. 673-676
Author(s):  
Edward Tennyson
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Management Service ◽  
Research Projects ◽  
Response Strategies ◽  
Yield Information ◽  
Environmental Test ◽  
Oil Spill Response ◽  
Spilled Oil

ABSTRACT Recent large oil spills from tankers have reaffirmed the need for continuing technology assessment and research to improve oil-spill response capabilities. The Minerals Management Service (MMS) remains a lead agency in conducting these studies. This paper discusses MMS concerns, as reinforced by the acceleration of its research program in 1990. It briefly assesses the current state-of-the-art technology for major aspects of spill response, including remote sensing, open-ocean containment, recovery, in-situ burning, chemical treating agents, beach-line cleanup, and oil behavior. The paper reports on specific research projects that have begun to yield information that will improve detection and at-sea equipment performance. The first detection project, for which MMS has patent pending, involves the use of shipboard navigational radar to track slicks at relatively long range. The second project involves the use of conventional containment and cleanup in a downwind mode, which is contrary to the traditional procedures. The paper also discusses current research projects, including the development of an airborne, laser-assisted fluorosensor that can determine whether apparent slicks contain oil. Additional projects involve the development of improved strategies for responding to oil in broken-ice conditions, for gaining an improved understanding of the fate and behavior of spilled oil as it affects response strategies, and for reopening and operating the oil and hazardous materials simulated environmental test tank (OHMSETT) facility in Leonardo, New Jersey. Recent progress on the development of safe and environmentally acceptable strategies to burn spilled oil in-situ is also discussed. The OHMSETT facility is necessary for testing prospective improvements in chemical treating agents and to develop standard procedures for testing and evaluating response equipment.

PROPERTIES OF CRUDE OIL AND OIL PRODUCTS (NOT JUST ANOTHER PRETTY DATABASE)

2001 ◽  
Vol 2001 (2) ◽  
pp. 975-981 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Jokuty
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Oil Products ◽  
Crude Oils ◽  
The Media ◽  
Ease Of Access ◽  
Complex Relationships ◽  
The Many ◽  
Spilled Oil

ABSTRACT When an oil spill occurs, there is an immediate need on the part of spill responders to know the properties of the spilled oil, as these will affect the behavior, fate, and effects of the oil, which will in turn affect the choice of countermeasures. However, it is often difficult or impossible to obtain a sample of the spilled oil, let alone the specialized analysis required to determine its properties, in a manner timely enough to suit the circumstances of an oil spill. Under the scrutiny of the media and the public, answers regarding the identity and predicted behavior of the spilled oil will be expected immediately, if not sooner. In preparation for such emergencies, the Emergencies Science Division (ESD) of Environment Canada has been collecting properties data for crude oils and oil products since 1984. Basic physical properties—density, viscosity, pour point, etc.—and environmentally relevant characteristics—evaporation rates, emulsion formation, chemical dispersibility—are measured. Properties related to health and safety—flash point, volatile organic compounds, sulfur—also are determined. In fact, nearly 20 different types of measurements are made for both fresh and weathered crude oils and oil products. To date data has been collected for more than 400 oils. For ease of access, this information is stored in an electronic database. The database in turn is accessible via the World Wide Web, and is also periodically printed in an easy-to-read catalogue format. The wide variety of data collected in the database also makes it possible to examine both simple and complex relationships that may exist between oil properties and spill behavior. This presentation will review the full scope of information determined and collected by ESD. Using tables and graphs, examples will be presented of the many ways in which this information can be viewed and used by both laymen and experts in the field of oil spills.

DEVELOPMENT OF ABSORBENT TECHNOLOGY FOR OIL SPILL RECOVERY AND CLEANUP IN ARCTIC ENVIRONMENT

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 (1) ◽  
pp. 2017-076
Author(s):  
Changwoo Nam ◽  
Houxiang Li ◽  
T.C. Mike Chung
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Absorption Capacity ◽  
Fast Kinetics ◽  
Refined Oil ◽  
New Class ◽  
Penn State ◽  
Tank Test ◽  
Spilled Oil

ABSTRACT 2017-076 In this paper, we discuss a new class of i-PetroGel oil-superabsorbent technology that has shown a potential solution to the oil spill recovery and cleanup in arctic environments, based on the laboratory tests at Penn State and an open tank test at Ohmsett. This i-PetroGel material is formed by polyolefin polymers that are petroleum downstream products with similar oleophilic and hydrophobic properties of oil molecules. Apart from many oil sorbents based on adsorption, i-PetroGel absorbs oil by absorption (similar to Hydrogel absorbing aqueous solutions) and swells to a large volume. During Ohmsett testing, i-PetroGel flakes spread on top of the affected area showed effective transformation of Alaska North Slope (ANS) oil into a floating gel on the seawater surface, which was effectively recovered by an oleophilic drum skimmer and pumped to a storage tank. The recovered ANS oil-swelled adducts, containing <0.1 wt% water, exhibit similar distillation characteristics as the original ANS oil. Overall, this i-PetroGel technology could potentially provide a comprehensive solution for combating oil spills, with the goal to dramatically reduce the environmental impacts from oil spills and help recover one of the most precious natural resources. i-PetroGel exhibits a combination of desirable properties. ✓ High oil absorption capacity about 35–40 times by weight at 3 and 25 °C. ✓ Suitable to a broad range of hydrocarbons, including complex crude oils, refined oil products (gasolines, diesels, heating oils, etc.), and solvents (toluene, benzene, etc.). ✓ Fast kinetics in capturing the spilled oil. ✓ No detectable water absorption in i-PetroGel. ✓ The resulting oil/i-PetroGel adducts floating on water surface are recovered by skimmer. ✓ The recovered oil/i-Petrogel adducts can be refined as crude oil through standard refining processes. ✓ Cost effective. ✓ No secondary pollution.

EPHEMERAL DATA COLLECTION GUIDANCE MANUAL, WITH EMPHASIS ON OIL SPILL NRDAS

1997 ◽  
Vol 1997 (1) ◽  
pp. 1029-1030 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon A. Robilliard ◽  
Paul D. Boehm ◽  
Michael J. Amman
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Oil Spill ◽  
Environmental Assessment ◽  
Water Surface ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
First Responders ◽  
Environmental Sampling ◽  
Beach Sediments ◽  
Spilled Oil

ABSTRACT The purpose of the guidance manual is to identify for first responders the basic methods for collecting, preserving, and documenting essential ephemeral samples and data that are needed for NRDA and general environmental assessment in oil spills. The manual assumes that first responders will have limited specialized experience, expertise, and equipment in environmental sampling. Ephemeral data and samples include (a) source oil and freshly spilled oil, (b) the spatial distribution and amount of oil on the water surface and on shorelines, (c) unoiled beach sediments, (d) oil in the water column in unoiled and oiled areas, and (e) selected unoiled intertidal organisms. The manual provides guidance on where, when, and how to collect each type of sample and data. The manual emphasizes the importance of documenting samples and data so that they can be used later to evaluate the environmental impacts of the spilled oil.

Red Tide: Why a Biologic, HDFx, and Magnesium Could be used to allay Inflammatory and Lung Problems Caused by Algal Blooms: Hypothesis

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Central America ◽  
Coastal Waters ◽  
Algal Blooms ◽  
Red Tide ◽  
South Pacific ◽  
Red Tides ◽  
Marine Life ◽  
The Past

Over the past decade, there has been a growing concern over invasion of Florida Gulf Coastal Waters and beaches by several algal blooms created by “red tides”. These algal blooms create various toxins that pose high risks for marine life, livestock, birds, and humans [1, 2]. The algae become so numerous that they discolor gulf waters and beaches. Since the 1980’s, red tides have been seen in many countries throughout the globe (i.e., South America, Central America, Japan, caribbean, South Pacific regions, etc.).

Mitigating Impacts of Natural Hazards on Fishery Ecosystems

2008 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Web Sites ◽  
Coastal Waters ◽  
Public Perception ◽  
Red Tide ◽  
Nutrient Loads ◽  
Red Tides ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
The Public ◽  
Southwest Florida ◽  
Human Health Effects

<em>Abstract</em>.—Red tides or blooms of the naturally occurring dinoflagellate <em>Karenia brevis </em>occur in the Gulf of Mexico from Texas to Florida and in the Atlantic from Florida to North Carolina. Blooms are particularly frequent and prolonged along Florida’s southwest coast. In recent years, red tide blooms have been persistent and devastating. These events have heightened the public perception that increased nutrient loads are exacerbating the frequency and severity of red tides in bays and nearshore coastal waters. In 2001, a telephone survey of 1,006 randomly selected households in southwest Florida was conducted to assess the public’s knowledge of red tide. Adult respondents were queried about their awareness of red tide and their knowledge of the biology, environmental effects, and human health effects of red tide. The most frequently cited sources of information were television and newspapers, followed by radio and word of mouth. Brochures, Internet Web sites, workshops, and meetings were less important sources of information. One of the most significant findings was that respondents were not aware that red tides originate in offshore waters. This finding is particularly important as citizen groups are seeking strategies to either minimize or control red tides in bays and nearshore coastal waters.

OIL SPILL TREATMENT STRATEGY MODELING FOR GEORGES BANK

1979 ◽  
Vol 1979 (1) ◽  
pp. 685-692
Author(s):  
Peter C. Cornillon ◽  
Malcolm L. Spaulding ◽  
Kurt Hansen
Keyword(s):  
Water Column ◽  
Oil Spill ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Georges Bank ◽  
Particle In Cell ◽  
Oil Dispersant ◽  
Oil Concentration ◽  
Spill Control ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Spilled Oil

ABSTRACT As part of a larger project assessing the environmental impact of treated versus untreated oil spills, a fates model has been developed which tracks both the surface and subsurface oil. The approach used to spread, drift, and evaporate the surface slick is similar to that in most other oil spill models. The subsurface technique, however, makes use of a modified particle-in-cell method which diffuses and advects individual oil/dispersant droplets representative of a large number of similar droplets. This scheme predicts the time-dependent oil concentration distribution in the water column, which can then be employed as input to a fisheries population model. In addition to determining the fate of the untreated spill, the model also allows for chemical treatment and/or mechanical cleanup of the spilled oil. With this capability, the effectiveness of different oil spill control and removal strategies can be quantified. The model has been applied to simulate a 34,840 metric ton spill of a No. 2-type oil on Georges Bank. The concentration of oil in the water column and the surface slick trajectory are predicted as a function of time for chemically treated and untreated spills occurring in April and December. In each case, the impact on the cod fishery was determined and is described in detail in a paper by Reed and Spaulding presented at this conference.

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