Journal of Clinical & Experimental Immunology
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2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  

This 73-year-old female patient has suffered from type 2 diabetes (T2D), hypertension, and hyperlipidemua for over 20 years. She started taking Metformin in 1999 and ceased taking it on 1/7/2019. As of 4/3/2019, her HbA1C level was at 6.6%. Since 4/4/2019, she implemented a lifestyle management program which not only focuses on diet and exercise but also factors in sleep, stress, life routines and habits, as well as environmental factors. In this article, the author applies the final conclusions from the American Diabetes Association (ADA) 2021 consensus report regarding “T2D Remission”. For this clinical case, he analyzes the patient’s present conditions to determine if she satisfies the criteria of “T2D remission” or not. The defined criteria of “remission” include timespan of at least one year, HbA1C level less than 6.5%, fasting plasma glucose (FPG) level less than 126 mg/dL, and estimated HbA1C (eA1C) values based on the mean continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) glucose data less than 6.5%. In conclusion, according to the ADA 2021 consensus report, this female patient is in “remission” for T2D. In summary, over the past year from 9/5/2020 to 9/5/2021, her average lab-A1C is 6.3%, mean CGM FPG value is 102 mg/dL, and CGM eAG is 5.7%. First, the selected one year satisfies the timespan requirement cited in the 2021 consensus report. Her set of glucose data has been collected over ~3 years, after post-Metformin (started on 1/7/2019) and her initiation of lifestyle management program that began on 4/4/2019. Second, all of her A1C values, both lab-tested and CGM eA1C, are less than 6.5% and her mean CGM FPG level is less than 126 mg/dL. Finally, she keeps a regular routine with quarterly medical examinations to monitor various diabetes complications, including macrovascular, micro- vascular, neural, and hormonal systems. The author understands and agrees with the consensus report that diabetes is non-curable and at most is “controllable” or “partially reversible”. Nevertheless, this female patient has also adopted a similar lifestyle improvement program as the author in order to deal with the root causes of her multiple metabolic disorders, particularly T2D, instead of suppressing the external symptoms of diabetes through medication intervention.


2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  

The author was a mathematician and an engineer. His view of longevity is similar to his past experience on designing and building a structure or a machine which he calls an “object”. The expected lifespan of an object is similar to the longevity of a human being based on the following three factors: (1) The availability of good and strong building materials that are similar to the genetic factors of a human body health conditions. (2) The engineering design and site construction of this object are similar to the lifestyle, life-long habits, and environmental factors which are related to the health of the human body. (3) The building’s damaged cracks or the machine’s malfunctioned parts under external forces are similar to the medical conditions and symptoms of disease in the human body. If the object suffers from operational problems due to external forces that is similar to the human body being affected by various diseases, then we can repair the object such as adopting the reinforcement of the building structural part or replacing the operational part of the machine. They are similar to the medical treatments including medication interventions, different surgeries, or organ transplants. Once the author understood the analogy and similarity between an engineering object and a human body, he can then distinguish the differences among genetic reason, lifestyle maintenance, disease control, and medical treatments. It is extremely difficult, almost impossible at present time, to change our genes because we cannot select our biological parents; however, we can focus on our daily lifestyle management to either prevent from having diseases or controlling the progression of existing diseases.


2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  

The author is a professionally trained mathematician, physicist and engineer. His view of health and medicine is similar to his past experience on designing a physical object, such as a building structure or a working machine, which he calls an “object”. The object’s strength or its expected lifespan is similar to the health conditions and longevity of a human being based on the following three key factors: (1) The original strength of the object’s material which is similar to the genetic factors of a human body. (2) The engineering design and site construction of this object are similar to the fundamental influential causes, including lifestyle details, life-long habits, and environmental factors, on the human health. Among those external causes, if the author has to pick up one category which has the most influence above of all that is the “food”. (3) The object endures different operational problems due to external forces or impacts which are similar to various diseases suffered by humans. After the object experiences external forces or impacts, we use some structural reinforcements to fix the building’s damaged cracks or replace the malfunctioned part of the machine. These engineering actions are similar to the “medical treatments” doctors provide patients. The medical treatments, including medication interventions (oral drugs or biochemical injections), necessary surgeries, or certain organ transplants are similar to the engineering repair of the damaged object. This article emphasizes the relationship between causes and results such as symptoms of diseases. It particularly addresses the inter-relationship of 5 selected diseases: cancers, cardiovascular diseases (CVD), chronic kidney diseases (CKD), diabetic retinopathy (DR), and type 2 diabetes (T2D), where the most important cause for most diseases is “food”. This food category in his study contains 25 defined elements include input data of food are collected via the developed iPhone APP. There are 5 elements for “Food Quantity”: breakfast amount, lunch amount, dinner amount, amount of between-meals snacks and fruits, and the average daily food consumption amount. In addition, there are 20 selected elements for “Food Quality” (see Figure 1). The combined Food score is the average value of both food quantity score and food quality score.


2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  

This paper describes the author’s quantitative improvements on his weight and glucose resulting from lifestyle modifications. Special attention has been placed on both the pre-virus period from 5/5/2018 to 1/18/2020 (total 624 days with 1,934 meals and snacks) and the COVID-19 quarantined period from 1/19/2020 to 6/16/2021 (total 514 days with 1,536 meals). This article emphasizes on bodyweight, glucoses, and glucose fluctuations (GF) during the two compared periods. In general, his health conditions of weight and glucoses in the COVID-19 period (514 days) are better than his health conditions in the pre-virus period (624 days). The COVID-19 pandemic is more than 100 times worse than SARS that occurred in 2003, in terms of its spreading speed, fatality number, and emotional impact on the world population. People belonging to the “vulnerable” groups” such as the elderly, with existing chronic diseases and history of complications, require special attention to their health conditions and lifestyle management during this COVID-19 quarantine period. In this particular period, the author achieved better results on both his diabetes control and overall metabolism management. The knowledge and experience he has gained in the past 11 years of medical research and his developed metabolism index (MI) model along with his four diabetes prediction tools assisted him in many ways. During the quarantine period, he has stopped traveling and suffered no jet-lag, eating home-cooked meals, maintaining nutritional balance, continuing his daily walking exercise of 16,000 steps (~10.7 km or 6.7 miles each day), sleeping 7.2 hours each night, living a stressfree life, avoiding negative news of politics and the pandemic, and keeping a regular daily life routine. The author enjoys conducting medical research, which is his obsessive hobby, and does not need to make a living off his work. Therefore, he feels no pressure at all to continuously perform research over the past 11 years. As a result, he has actually turned the COVID-19 crisis into his health advantage!


2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  

The author was a professionally trained mathematician, physicist and engineer. His view of health and medicine is similar to his past experience on designing a physical object such as a building structure or a working machine, which he calls an “object”. The object’s strength or its expected lifespan is similar to the health conditions and longevity of a human being based on the following three key factors: (1) The original strength of the object’s material which is similar to the genetic factors of a human body. Generally speaking, the genetic (not “epigenetic”) portion only contributes 15% to 30%, approximately 20% or less, of having various chronic diseases. (2) The quality of engineering design and construction or manufacturing of this object are similar to the fundamental influential causes, including lifestyle details, life-long bad habits, and environmental damaging factors on human health. Among the external causes, one category that has the most impact on health is food, particularly with processed foods causing the most damage. Therefore, he tries to exclude all kinds of processed foods from his own food category. (3) The object suffers from different operational problems due to external forces or impacts which are similar to various diseases affecting humans. After the object suffers from external forces or impacts such as an earthquake or hurricane, we must use some structural reinforcements to fix the problems or replace the malfunctioned parts of the machine. These engineering after-actions are similar to the medical “treatments” post-injury/infection provided to patients by doctors. The medical treatments include medication interventions (either oral drugs or biochemical injections), necessary surgeries or organ transplants, which are similar to the engineering repair of the damaged object. Nevertheless, all type of medical treatments bring some degree of traumatic effects on the human body. In addition, up to now, there are no medications which can cure chronic diseases induced by metabolic disorders. The different medications given to patients only suppress the symptoms of different chronic diseases and do not deal with the root causes. Therefore, they are not able to reverse, repair, or cure chronic diseases.


2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a pandemic viral disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Originated in Wuhan, China in December 2019, COVID-19 soon spread all around the world [1]. As per the WHO, till 4th August 2021, Globally, 200,174,883 confirmed cases of COVID-19, including 4,255,892 deaths and 3,984,596,440 vaccine doses have been administered [2].


2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  

Background: Psychiatric comorbidities of chronic urticaria (CU) have been reported and examined recently. The prevalence of mental disorders and emotional distress is high in patients with CU. This is a case report in which Histobulin was found to be effective for psychiatric manifestations in chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU). Case Presentation: Three cases of CSU accompanying psychiatric manifestations (PMs) were treated with Histobulin. One patient with CSU with severe depression showed clinical changes in depressive symptoms in parallel to changes in allergic symptoms during treatment. Histobulin clearly improved not only CSU but also the accompanying PMs in one patient and slightly improved them in another patient. The PMs were not improved by an antihistamine (H1 blocker) in any case. Histobulin is effective not only for allergic manifestations (AMs) but also for PMs of CSU. Conclusions: PMs as well as AMs of CSU were improved by Histobulin therapy. PMs were suspected to be a part of the clinical manifestations in CSU, possibly through histamine-mediated mechanisms. These conditions were suggested to be ‘allergic psychiatric manifestations (APMs)’ or ‘histamine-mediated psychiatric manifestations (HPMs)’. Further study of PMs based on histamine-mediated mechanisms, including allergies, may be necessary. Accordingly, it should be clarified whether the PMs of CSU are a part of the clinical manifestations of CSU or are psychiatric comorbidities of CSU.


2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  

Cinnamon is a regularly used natural seasoning and flavouring material throughout the world for eras. Recent laboratory studies have demonstrated that oral cinnamon may be beneficial for different neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders such as multiple sclerosis (MS), Parkinson’s disease (PD), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and Lewy body diseases (LBD). However, cinnamon’s certain limitations (e.g. unavailability of true Ceylon cinnamon throughout the world, impurities in ground cinnamon, etc.) have initiated an interest among researchers to find an alternate of cinnamon that can potentially deliver the same efficacy in the diseases mentioned above. Glyceryl tribenzoate (GTB) is a U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved flavoring ingredient that is used in food and food packaging industries. It has been found that similar to cinnamon, oral GTB is capable of upregulating regulatory T cells and suppressing the autoimmune disease process of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, an animal model of MS. Moreover, both GTB and cinnamon metabolite sodium benzoate (NaB) have the potency to attenuate neurodegenerative pathology in a mouse model of Huntington disease (HD). Here, we have also demonstrated anti-inflammatory property of GTB in astrocytes and macrophages, a property that is also seen with cinnamon and its metabolite sodium benzoate (NaB). Therefore, here, we have made a sincere attempt to discuss the similarities and dissimilarities between cinnamon and GTB with a focus whether GTB has the potential to be considered as a substitute of cinnamon for neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders.


2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  

We have established that the peptide LKEKK (Np5) corresponding to the sequence 16-20 of thymosin-α1 and to the sequence 131-135 of interferon-α2, in the concentration range 50 300 µg/ear reduces in a dose-dependent manner phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced skin edema in mice .Tested in parallel peptide with inverted sequence (iNp5, KKEKL, 150-300 µg/ear) was inactive, indicating high specificity of the Np5 action. In the concentration range of 5 20 µM Np5 significantly decrease the TNF-α-induced production by normal human keranocytes of pro-inflammatory mediators IL-6 and IL-1β. Thus, Np5t has a pronounced anti-inflammatory activity in vivo and in vitro.


2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  

Background: Voriconazole is used to treat patients with histoplasmosis who are intolerant to itraconazole because of potential drug interactions. Hendrix reported higher mortality in patients treated with voriconazole than itraconazole raising the question if the Histoplasma isolates became less susceptible to voriconazole during treatment in those who failed treatment. Methods: Primary and failure isolates from a patient who failed treatment with fluconazole were incubated with increasing concentrations of voriconazole. Results: In vitro exposure of the patient’s primary isolate to voriconazole increased its MIC from 0.007 mcg/mL to 1.0 mcg/ mL (128-fold). Exposure of the failure isolate increased the MIC from 0.125 mcg/mL to 4 mcg/mL (32-fold). Exposure to voriconazole did not increase the MIC of the primary isolate to itracunazole but did increase the MIC of the failure isolate from 0.007 to 0.030 mcg/mL (4-fold). Conclusion: In vitro exposure Histoplasma capsulatum increased MICs to voriconazole 32 to 128-fold which could be a cause of treatment failure reported by Hendrix.


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