scholarly journals Labour Force Participation Rates in Pakistan: 1901-1961

1968 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-103
Author(s):  
Ghazi Mumtaz Farooq
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Population Change ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Detailed Examination ◽  
Participation Rates ◽  
Population Changes ◽  
Considerable Time ◽  
Time Periods

Projection of future patterns of population change or economic growth is usually improved when trends over considerable time-periods are available for extrapolation or are used as a check on underlying assumptions. However, historical demographic data for Pakistan are limited. Before independence in 1947, data were available only for India as a whole or for districts, some of which were divided between Pakistan and India at the time of independence. By detailed examination and analysis of district reports from the censuses of India, it is possible to reconstruct demographic changes for the areas now comprising Pakistan. Two such studies have been undertaken in the Demo¬graphic Section of the Pakistan Institute of Development Economics: the first was a study of boundary changes and population changes from 1881 to 1961 [29]. The second, reported here, is a study of the labour force of Pakistan, 1901-1961.

scholarly journals The Effects of Human Capital by Gender on Economic Growth

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 113
Author(s):  
Mohd Shahidan Shaari ◽  
Razinda Tasnim Abdul Rahim ◽  
Nor Hidayah Harun ◽  
Faiz Masnan
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Participation Rates ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Job Opportunities ◽  
Short Run ◽  
The Government ◽  
Male Labour

The issue of human capital by gender has been sparsely discussed in previous literature especially male labour force. The contribution of both genders to economic growth has intensified every year. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effects of human capital by gender on economic growth in Malaysia. Data ranging from 1982 to 2018 were analysed by using the ARDL approach. The results show that higher male labour force participation rates can boost economic growth in the short run and long run in Malaysia. Higher female labour force participation rates, on the other hand, can reduce economic growth in the short run and long run in Malaysia. Therefore, the government should encourage more male labour to participate in the labour market by giving incentives. More job opportunities should be created for both genders.

scholarly journals Nurturing the next Canadian generation: The case for labour market research

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
Kevin McQuillan
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Young People ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Market Research ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
New Economy ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Participation Rates ◽  
Public Issues ◽  
Le Canada

As rates of population and labour force growth slow in Canada, the country faces important challenges in promoting economic growth and sustaining prosperity. Among the most important public issues are increasing labour force participation rates among groups with low or declining rates of work and reforming education to better prepare graduates for the jobs of the new economy. At the same time, Canada needs to respond to the shifting geography of work. The concentration of employment in a limited number of major urban centres is driving young people to seek work in high-cost cities, while many smaller cities and regions face the prospect of economic and demographic decline.Alors que les taux de population et la croissance de la population active ralentissent au Canada, le pays devra relever d’importants défis pour promouvoir la croissance économique et maintenir la prospérité. Les plus importantes questions d’ordre public porteront, entre autres, sur le taux de participation, au sein de la population active, de groupes présentant des taux d’emploi faibles ou en déclin et la réforme de l’éducation afin de mieux préparer les diplômés aux emplois de la nouvelle économie. Le Canada doit, en même temps, aborder la géographie changeante du travail. La concentration des emplois dans quelques grands centres urbains pousse les jeunes à chercher du travail dans les villes où le coût est élevé, alors que les villes plus petites et les régions sont confrontées au déclin économique et démographique.Mots-clés : population et environnement; climat; utilisation d’énergie; pointe de population

The dynamic relationships between the female labour force and the economic growth

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Durmuş Çağrı Yıldırım ◽  
Hilal Akinci
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Participation Rate ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Female Labour Force Participation ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Female Labour ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Total Labour

PurposeIn this study, the relationship between female labour force participation rate and economic growth is investigated in middle-income countries. The study covers the period of 2001–2016 by employing a dynamic panel approach. Pooled Ordinary Least Square and Fixed Effects model estimations are calculated as a decision criterion to select proper GMM Method. The outcomes indicate that the proper estimation technique, which is a System-GMM model, evidences the U Feminisation Theory for the middle-income countries while controlling all other factors.Design/methodology/approachThe novelty of this study is that the research not only employs both difference and system generalised method of moments (GMM) estimators but also includes main explanatory variables such as education, fertility, and total labour force rate. The study provides an opportunity to review the U-shape nexus between the female labour force and economic growth while controlling education, fertility and total labour participation rate.FindingsThe estimation implies that middle-income countries support a U-shaped relationship. The fertility rate does not impact on the female labour force, and education and total labour force level have a positive influence on women's participation in the labour market.Research limitations/implicationsThis study used data that include the period of 2001–2016 for middle-income countries. So, further studies can use different periods of data or different countries.Practical implicationsThe authors emphasise the importance of economic growth for female labour force for middle-income countries. Thus, a country intending to increase female labour force should also focus on its economic growth. As the study points out, middle-income countries staying under the minimum threshold, $4698.15 (per capita), should priorities their economic improvement policies to reach their female labour force participation goal. Those countries also should be prepared for a female labour force participation declining phase until they reach the turning point income level.Social implicationsFurthermore, education is one of the critical determinants that have an impact on FLFPR. The equal opportunity for both genders to engage in education should be considered as a policy. If females do not have an equal chance to enrolment in education, it may influence the policy of increasing female labour force adversely. Fertility rate appears no more statistically significant in our study. Moreover, today, there are some countries they practise equality between genders by providing equally extended parental leave, which may be a promising policy for gender equality in the labour force and may worth a try.Originality/valueSome previous studies may suffer model mistakes due to lack of consideration the endogeneity problem and bias issue of the results as suggested by Tam (2011). Moreover, previous studies tend to choose either studying U-feminisation as excluding other variables or studying determinants of female labour force participation rate as excluding U-feminisation theory. There is not any panel data study acknowledging both concepts by using recent data to the best knowledge of the authors. Thus, the novelty of this study is that the research not only employs both difference and system generalised method of moments (GMM) estimators but also includes main explanatory variables such as education, fertility, and total labour force rate. The study provides an opportunity to review the U-shape nexus between the female labour force and economic growth while controlling education, fertility and total labour participation rate.

The Australian Labour Market in 2007

2008 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 383-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin O'Brien ◽  
Abbas Valadkhani ◽  
Keith Townsend
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Interest Rate ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Federal Election ◽  
Work Choices

Both global and domestic economic growth remained robust in 2007 resulting in historically low unemployment and high labour force participation in Australia. However, these favourable labour force statistics were overshadowed for much of the year by a number of other issues such as the continuing drought, high oil and petrol prices and associated inflation and interest rate pressures, a November federal election, and the first full year of the operation of the Work Choices legislation. This article will address each of these issues by presenting an analysis of the macroeconomy and labour market, and reviewing the labour market implications of the Work Choices legislation in Australia.

Sociodemographic management indicators of the state of the economy (a case study of Russian statistics)

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuriy G. Volkov ◽  
Pavel N. Lukichev ◽  
Rashid D. Khunagov ◽  
Ekaterina V. Kartashevich ◽  
Beburi B. Meskhi
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Natural Population ◽  
Ecological Niche ◽  
Social Evolution ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Population Changes ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Methodological Foundation ◽  
Management Indicators ◽  
State Of The Economy

PurposeThe purpose of this research is to relate the pattern of economic growth with demographic data based on the natural population changes.Design/methodology/approachThe methodological foundation of this research consists in the structural and functional approach to the comprehension of the social system, methods of mathematical simulation of the dynamics of expansion and extension of the ecological niche of population and methodologies that are currently used for calculation of gross domestic product (GDP).FindingsThe research finding consists in the development of the theory of social evolution in the form of horizontal and vertical social differentiation, which is conditional upon the growing production of the excess product, which leads to the simulation of relation between the natural population changes and the production of GDP, expanding the boundaries of the ecological niche.Research limitations/implicationsThe relevance of the problem under study is driven by the need for theoretic interpretation of interrelation between the pattern of economic growth and demographic data based on the natural population changes.Originality/valueThe research leads us to the conclusion that there is a functional (for closed societies) and correlative (for open societies) relationship between the GDP growth and natural population changes with the property that the positive or negative population growth depends on the quantity of the total consumed costs (TCC) and its critical values.

Do current stem size distributions predict future population changes? An empirical test of intraspecific patterns in tropical trees at two spatial scales

2007 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth J. Feeley ◽  
Stuart J. Davies ◽  
Md. Nur Supardi Noor ◽  
Abdul Rahman Kassim ◽  
Sylvester Tan
Keyword(s):  
Size Distribution ◽  
Population Change ◽  
Empirical Test ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Relative Proportion ◽  
Size Distributions ◽  
Population Changes ◽  
Stem Size ◽  
Large Trees

It is critical to understand the responses of tropical tree species to ongoing anthropogenic disturbances. Given the longevity of large trees and the scarcity of appropriately long-term demographic data, standing size distributions are a potential tool for predicting species' responses to disturbances and resultant changes in population structure. Here we test the utility of several different measures of size distribution for predicting subsequent population changes at the intraspecific level using demographic records from two subsampled 50-ha tree plots in Malaysia (Pasoh and Lambir). Most measures of size distribution failed to successfully predict population change better than random; however, the ‘coefficient of skewness’ (a measure of the relative proportion of small vs. large stems in a population) was able to correctly predict the direction of population change for approximately three-quarters of species at both sites. At Pasoh, the magnitude of this relationship decreased with adult stature and rate of turnover, but was unrelated to sapling growth rates at either site. Finally, using data for species common at both forests, we found that size distributions were generally uninformative of subsequent differences in population change between sites (only median dbh correctly predicted the direction of change for more species than random). Based on these results we conclude that some measures of intraspecific differences in size distribution are potentially informative of population trends within forests but have limited utility across broader spatial scales.

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