scholarly journals Battery Train Fire Risk on a Steel Warehouse Structure

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jasmine Mira ◽  
Nicole Braxtan ◽  
Shen-En Chen ◽  
Tiefu Zhao ◽  
Lynn Harris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lithium Ion Battery ◽  
Impact Analysis ◽  
Fire Hazard ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Fire Risk ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Fire Propagation ◽  
Fire Risk Analysis ◽  
Energy Demands

Lithium ion battery fire hazard has been well-documented in a variety of applications. Recently, battery train technology has been introduced as a clean energy concept for railway. In the case of heavy locomotives such as trains, the massive collection of battery stacks required to meet energy demands may pose a significant hazard. The objective of this paper is to review the risk evaluation processes for train fires and investigate the propagation of lithium ion battery fire to a neighboring steel warehouse structure at a rail repair shop through a case study. The methodology of the analyses conducted include a Monte Carlo-based dynamic modeling of fire propagation potentials, an expert-based fire impact analysis, and a finite element (FE) nonlinear fire analysis on the structural frame. The case study is presented as a demonstration of a holistic fire risk analysis for the lithium ion battery fire and results indicate that significant battery fire mitigations strategies should be considered.

scholarly journals Fire Temperature Based on the Time and Resistance of Buildings—Predicting the Adoption of Fire Safety Measures

Fire ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luciano Santarpia ◽  
Simone Bologna ◽  
Virgilio Ciancio ◽  
Iacopo Golasi ◽  
Ferdinando Salata
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flux ◽  
Fire Risk ◽  
Fire Prevention ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Fire Load ◽  
Safety Measures ◽  
Fire Temperature ◽  
Fire Risk Analysis ◽  
Opening Factor

During a fire in enclosed spaces, having structures with a good level of resistance is very important. The post flashover fire time interval, during which rescue squads operate, is important to verify if the structure can still resist fire for an acceptable time interval. This can be determined through the REI value. Hence, the way the fire develops must be examined together with the trend of the temperature that might guarantee that the structure will resist the heat flux released during the combustion. This article examines and compares, through a case study, the most important methods for analysis of the fire risk: the prescriptive approach and the simplified performance-based approach. The performance-based method (more suitable for the actual planning demand with respect to the more cautious prescriptive approach) is affected by the parameters influencing its development. The goal of this article is to provide a graph (based on parameters like the type of building, opening factor “O” and fire load “q”) that might be used by designers and architects to carry out the planning phase and adopt fire prevention systems before dealing with the assessments required by the engineering field for the fire risk analysis.

scholarly journals State-of-Charge Estimation of Lithium-Ion Batteries in the Battery Degradation Process Based on Recurrent Neural Network

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 306
Author(s):  
Shuqing Li ◽  
Chuankun Ju ◽  
Jianliang Li ◽  
Ri Fang ◽  
Zhifei Tao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Lithium Ion Battery ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Degradation Process ◽  
State Of Charge ◽  
Average Error ◽  
Estimation Model ◽  
Battery Degradation

Due to the rapidly increasing energy demand and the more serious environmental pollution problems, lithium-ion battery is more and more widely used as high-efficiency clean energy. State of Charge (SOC) representing the physical quantity of battery remaining energy is the most critical factor to ensure the stability and safety of lithium-ion battery. The novelty SOC estimation model, which is two recurrent neural networks with gated recurrent units combined with Coulomb counting method is proposed in this paper. The estimation model not only takes voltage, current, and temperature as input feature but also takes into account the influence of battery degradation process, including charging and discharging times, as well as the last discharge charge. The SOC of the battery is estimated by the network under three different working conditions, and the results show that the average error of the proposed neural network is less than 3%. Compared with other neural network structures, the proposed network estimation results are more stable and accurate.

scholarly journals Methodology of fire risk analysis in electrical installations of a production facility

2022 ◽  
Vol 1211 (1) ◽  
pp. 012001
Author(s):  
O K Nikolsky ◽  
Yu D Shlionskaya ◽  
M A Gabova ◽  
A N Kachanov ◽  
V A Chernyshov
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Human Factor ◽  
Fire Hazard ◽  
Fire Risk ◽  
Subject Area ◽  
Probabilistic Assessment ◽  
Production Facility ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Fire Risk Analysis ◽  
Risk Assessment And Management

Abstract This article lists the principles of fire risk assessment and management of electrical installations, provides the main terms used in this subject area, and their meanings. The article also talks about factors affecting the magnitude of fire risk (risk-forming factors). Special attention is paid to the human factor. Formulas for probabilistic assessment of fire risks of electrical installations and an algorithm for assessing the fire hazard of electrical installations, as well as a scheme of the algorithm for calculating individual fire risk are given.

scholarly journals Effect and mechanism of C2HF5 on premixed flame of runaway gas (syngas) in lithium-ion batteries

2021 ◽  
Vol 237 ◽  
pp. 01021
Author(s):  
Chenyu Zhao ◽  
Zidong Guo ◽  
Guiyun Zhang ◽  
Tianwei Zhang ◽  
Zhaoqing Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lithium Ion Batteries ◽  
Lithium Ion Battery ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Premixed Flame ◽  
Flame Velocity ◽  
Bunsen Flame ◽  
Manufacturing Defects ◽  
Improper Use ◽  
The Rich

Lithium-ion battery is a new type of clean energy. Due to manufacturing defects, improper use, unexpected accidents and other reasons, lithium-ion battery thermal runaway fire and explosion accidents are frequently re-ported, and its safety has become an important issue to be solved. In this paper, the effect of second-generation halon substitute C2HF5 on runaway gas premix flame of lithium-ion battery are studied by experiments and numerical simulations.The bunsen burner was used to measure the changing trend of the premixed flame velocity of the runaway gas/air under different equivalent ratios and different concentrations of C2HF5. The results show that the flame velocity is in good consistency with the model under the conditions of lean flame and low inhibitor addition.The promotion effect of inhibitors on combustion has been verified by bunsen flame. Compared with CH4, C2HF5 is more suitable for inhibiting syngas flame of lithium-ion batteries, and the effect on the rich flames is better than lean flames.

scholarly journals Steering Energy Transitions through Landscape Governance: Case of Mathare Informal Settlement, Nairobi, Kenya

Land ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 206
Author(s):  
Peris Njoroge ◽  
Amollo Ambole ◽  
Daniel Githira ◽  
George Outa
Keyword(s):  
Informal Settlement ◽  
Informal Settlements ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Community Members ◽  
Landscape Governance ◽  
Energy Demands ◽  
Poor Households ◽  
Political Dimensions ◽  
Multi Stakeholder

Poor households in urban informal settlements face a big challenge in accessing clean energy for cooking, heating, and lighting. We use Kenya’s Mathare informal settlement as a landscape site to better understand how cross-sector collaboration can enhance access to sustainable energy in informal settlements. We also demonstrate that academics are well-placed in facilitating multi-stakeholder engagements between community members, experts, and policy actors. This is pursued by drawing on the results of two energy research projects (CoDEC and AfriCLP). We employ a landscape governance framework to re-conceptualise the findings from the CoDEC and AfriCLP projects. Specifically, we use the ecological, socio-cultural, and political dimensions of landscape governance to discuss the relationships between energy demands and other landscape issues in the case study. In conclusion, the paper recommends landscape governance as a promising approach for integrating energy issues with other competing landscape interests, while also encouraging cross-sector collaboration.

Inhibition Effect of Thermally-Induced Fire in 21,700 Lithium-Ion Battery With Low-Pressure Twin-Fluid Water Mist

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Guo ◽  
Haibin Wang ◽  
Yuanhua He
Keyword(s):  
Lithium Ion Battery ◽  
Fire Suppression ◽  
Fire Hazard ◽  
Flame Temperature ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Low Pressure ◽  
Water Mist ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Working Pressure ◽  
Thermally Induced

Abstract The fire hazard of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) poses a serious threat to their transportation and use. The purpose of this study is to investigate the efficiency of low-pressure twin-fluid water mist (TFWM) on suppressing lithium-ion battery fires. Experiments were executed to research the effect of working pressures and release stages on extinguishing the fire. Aqueous vermiculite dispersion (AVD), a commercial agent that was specifically designed to extinguish battery fires, was chosen to compare with the fire suppression performance of TFWM under the same conditions. The results indicate that the type 21,700 LIB fires could be controlled by applying the water mist within 10 s. The cooling ability at various working pressures (0.4, 0.8, 1.0, and 1.2 MPa) demonstrated an increase in inhibitory effects as the working pressure increased, and the optimal pressure was 1.2 MPa. The results further show that the extinguishing ability of the TFWM was better than the AVD agent. When the water mist was applied at the optimal working pressure, the surface temperature, flame temperature and concentration of CO reduced more significantly, compared with the AVD agent. Therefore, the TFWM shows considerable merit as a candidate to fight LIB fires.

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