scholarly journals Ischemic mitral regurgitation: modern evidence based echocardiography diagnosis, quantification and risks stratification review

2019 ◽  
pp. 9-16
Author(s):  
S. A. Rudenko ◽  
S. V. Potashev ◽  
L. M. Hrubiak ◽  
O. A. Mazur ◽  
O. K. Gogayeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Left Ventricle ◽  
Mitral Regurgitation ◽  
Ischemic Cardiomyopathy ◽  
Ischemic Mitral Regurgitation ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Lv Remodeling ◽  
Major Coronary Artery ◽  
Severity Grading ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Main Factor

Ischemic mitral regurgitation (IMR) is a frequent complication in the patients after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) or in ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM), associated with significant prognosis worsening. Mitral valve (MV) involvement may be primary (organic MR) or secondary (functional MR). Primary MR develops because of mitral subvalvular apparatus rupture as an AMI complication. Secondary IMR develops in the conditions of normal MV cusps and chords structure because of balance impairment between MV closure and tension forces secondary to left ventricle (LV) geometry alterations. According to evidence data both scenarios of IMR are associated with at least one major coronary artery critical stenosis (>70%). Secondary IMR is the most frequent consequence of ischemic cardiomyopathy. IMR diagnosis is associated with elevated patients mortality compared to those without it. It has been shown, that survival within patients with IMR after AMI down to 40% in case of moderate-to-severe IMR, compared to 62% in the patients with mild IMR or 84% in the patients without IMR at all. Pathophysiological mechanisms of IMR are not fully understood, but it is well known, that IMR is a complex entity, having left chambers, especially left ventricle (LV) remodeling as a key cause. Echocardiography (EchoCG) significantly contributes to understanding the underlying mechanisms of IMR. The aim of this review is to summarize modern evidence based data about IMR mechanisms and analysis of contemporary EchoCG indices for diagnosis, evaluation and risks stratification in the patients with IMR. IMR develops in approximately 20% of patients after AMI with increasing occurrence over past years, significantly influencing patients’ prognosis. IMR is a complex and dynamic entity, where LV remodeling is the main factor of MV dysfunction. EchoCG plays the clue role in IMR diagnosis giving the detailed information about its mechanisms and severity grading. Comprehensive EchoCG in the patients with coronary arteries disease (CAD) allows a better and comprehensive approach in risks stratification and optimal surgical IMR treatment planning.

scholarly journals P1573 Late recovery of left ventricular function in patients with non-severe ischemic mitral regurgitation and multivessel disease qualified to cardiosurgery treatment

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
R Piatkowski ◽  
J Kochanowski ◽  
M Budnik ◽  
M Grabowski ◽  
P Scislo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Left Ventricle ◽  
Mitral Regurgitation ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Ischemic Mitral Regurgitation ◽  
Multivariable Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Late Recovery

Abstract Late recovery of left ventricular function in patients with non-severe ischemic mitral regurgitation and multivessel disease qualified to cardiosurgery treatment. Purpose In patients (pts) after myocardial infarction (MI) with chronic left ventricle (LV) dysfunction, the presence and degree of ischemic mitral regurgitation (IMR) are predominantly related to LV remodelling and mitral valvular deformation. The aim of this study was to compare functional recovery (LVFR) as well as reverse remodelling of the left ventricle (LVRR) in pts with non-severe IMR qualified for cardiosurgical treatment - coronary artery bypass grafting alone (CABGa) or CABG with mitral repair (CABGmr in the 12-month follow-up. Materials and methods A total of 100 pts (mean age 64,4 ± 7,9 years) after MI, eligible for CABG, were included in a prospective study. Echo and clinical assessment were performed before and 12-months after surgery. Pts were referred for CABG a(gr.1; n = 74) or CABGmr (gr.2; n = 26) based on clinical assessment, 2D echo at rest and exercise and myocardial viability assessment (low dose dobutamine - dbx). Effective regurgitation orifice area (EROA) was used for quantitative IMR assessment. An increase in EF≥ 5% (ΔEF) from baseline value was considered as LVFR. A decrease in LV end-systolic volume > 15% from baseline value was considered as LVRR. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to identify the strongest factors of lack of LVFR and LVRR. Results An LVFR was observed, at late control, in 35 (49%) of pts in the CABGa group and in 11 (48%) of pts in CABGmr group (p = 0,948). LVRR was observed in 41 (56%) of pts in the CABGa group and in 16 (70%) of pts in CABGmr group 12 months follow-up (p = 0,5). In pts with LVFR, there was a lower incidence of at least moderate IMR at follow-up (ΔEF dbx≥5% vs ΔEFdbx < 5%:11% vs 30% pts; p = 0,05). Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that in both CABGa and CABGmr group only preoperative age and EF changes during stress echo remained the independent predictors of the lack of LVFR in 12 months follow-up (table 1). Conclusions 1. LVFR and LVRR were reported in most of the pts in both analyzed groups. 2. Preoperative assessment of changes EF during dbx (ΔEFdbx)can be used to identify pts with IMR at increased risk of lack of improvement in LV function and risk of residual IMRin 12-month f-up after surgery. Parameters Odds ratio (OR) Odds ratio (OR) p CABGa vs CABGmr 0,644 0,215 - 1,927 0,432 Age (increase by every 5 years) 1,11 1,039 - 1,879 0,003 ΔEF dbx (increase by every 5%) 0,21 0,096 - 0,46 <0,001 Table 1. Prognostic factors lack improvement in left ventricle function.

scholarly journals First Finite Element Model of the Left Ventricle With Mitral Valve: Insights Into Ischemic Mitral Regurgitation

2010 ◽  
Vol 89 (5) ◽  
pp. 1546-1553 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan F. Wenk ◽  
Zhihong Zhang ◽  
Guangming Cheng ◽  
Deepak Malhotra ◽  
Gabriel Acevedo-Bolton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Mitral Valve ◽  
Left Ventricle ◽  
Mitral Regurgitation ◽  
Finite Element Model ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Ischemic Mitral Regurgitation

scholarly journals Surgical management of left ventricular posterior wall plication for cardiac shock with ischemic mitral regurgitation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kosuke Nakamae ◽  
Takashi Oshitomi ◽  
Hideyuki Uesugi
Keyword(s):  
Left Ventricle ◽  
Mitral Regurgitation ◽  
Surgical Techniques ◽  
Posterior Wall ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Ischemic Mitral Regurgitation ◽  
Successful Case ◽  
Surgical Methods ◽  
Cardiac Shock ◽  
Oval Shape

Ischemic mitral regurgitation (IMR) is a common complication, which is accompanied by myocardial infarction, causing heart failure and leading to poor prognosis. Although several surgical techniques have been reported, certain surgical methods have not been established for treating IMR. We report a successful case of left ventricular posterior wall plication through a left atriotomy over the mitral valve for IMR in a patient who experienced cardiac shock and could not be weaned off mechanical support. Posterior wall plication changed the left ventricle from a spherical to an oval shape, restored the position of papillary muscles and posterior wall, improved leaflet tethering, and prevented further remodeling of the left ventricle. This method may be useful for treating IMR and improve patients’ prognosis.

scholarly journals Aortic regurgitation and left ventricle remodeling in cardiac magnetic resonance and transthoracic echocardiography

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (Supplement_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
M Haberka ◽  
M Balys ◽  
Z Gasior
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Left Ventricle ◽  
Aortic Regurgitation ◽  
Transthoracic Echocardiography ◽  
Imaging Modality ◽  
Public Institution ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Left Ventricle Remodeling ◽  
Lv Remodeling ◽  
Severity Grading

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: Public Institution(s). Main funding source(s): Medical University of SIlesia Background Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) is the main imaging modality used to assess patients with chronic aortic regurgitation (AR). However, it is not possible to provide a precise quantification in all patients. Our aim was to compare TTE and cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) measurements in grading AR and left ventricle (LV) remodeling. Methods A total of 51 consecutive patients with isolated AR in TTE were enrolled into the study and finally forty nine individuals (age: 57.1 (14); 61% males) underwent a non-contrast CMR (2 pts excluded for CMR contraindications). AR severity grading and LV remodeling were assessed according to the current ASE guidelines, including a semi-quantitative and quantitative parameters. All CMR studies were obtained on ecg-gated cine images acquired on 1.5T system (GE Optima MR450w, GE Healthcare, Wisconsin, USA) with a dedicated cardiac coil using a non-contrast protocol, including a quantitative approach (phase-contrast velocity  encoded imaging). Results Most of the study patients showed mild symptoms (NYHA I/II/III – 55%/38%/7%; CCS 0/I/II/III/IV – 79%/2%/12%/6%) and typical cardiovascular risk factors: hypertension (83%), dyslipidemia (91%), diabetes (12%) and obesity (16%). Twenty patients (40%) showed combined AV disease and 14 patients (28,5%) had a bicuspid AV. The AR jets were central (53%) or eccentric (47%) and multiple in 7 cases (14%). The inter-modality agreement (TTE-CMR) in AR grading was high in mild AR (91%) and low in mild-to-moderate (12%), moderate-to-severe (10%) and severe (20%) AR. The comprehensive quantitative grading with AR volume (AR vol) and regurgitant fraction (RF) were measurable in TTE in 24 cases and showed a significant association with CMR parameters (AR vol: r = 0.75; p < 0.001 and RF: r = 0.55; p < 0.01). Moreover, CMR revealed significantly larger LV end-diastolic volumes (EDV) (185,5 ± 61ml vs 158,4 ± 61ml; p = 0.03) and a trend towards higher left ventricle ejection fraction (59 ± 8 vs 56 ± 8%; p = 0.08). The association of AR vol and LV EDV was stronger in CMR (r = 0.85; p < 0.0001) compared to TTE (r = 0.6; p = 0.001). Conclusions CMR provides a comprehensive assessment of AR severity and LV remodeling with a moderate agreement with TTE.

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