scholarly journals ATTACKS OF THE CENTRAL ASIAN NOMADS ON RUSSIAN TRADING CARAVANS IN THE EARLY 19TH CENTURY

2021 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 146-153
Author(s):  
Konstantin A. Abdrakhmanov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Russian Government ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
Slow Moving ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Military

Based on archival materials (reports of the Orenburg border and customs departments, orders of the military governors of the Orenburg region, letters from the injured merchants, etc.), the article considers cases of attacks of the Central Asian nomads on the merchant caravans in the early 19th century. The main means of trade and transport communication between the Russian Empire, Bukhara, Khiva and Kokand were caravans, their size sometimes reached several thousand loaded camels. At that time, the steppes that separated the Russian border from the main trading cities of Central Asia were insufficiently explored, difficult to traverse, and very unsafe. Armed nomadic groups moving along the imperial border and deep in the Kazakh steppe were a direct threat to slow-moving and poorly guarded caravans. Steppe raiders were attracted by a diverse range of valuable goods and a large number of working animals, so valued by nomadic cultures. Merchants, their clerks, and hired workers were often killed in clashes with raiders. Those Russian merchants who were robbed of their money and property sought support from the leadership of the Orenburg province and even sent messages to the central Russian government.

Saving Lost Souls or Doing Good Business? Interactions at the Russian-Kazakh Frontier and Strategies for Freeing Russian Slaves in Central Asia in the Early 19th Century

DIYÂR ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-57
Author(s):  
Elena Smolarz
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Regular Component ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
Social Actors ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
Christian Brothers ◽  
Common Practices ◽  
The Russian Empire

By examining patterns of ransoming strategies, this paper generates insights about the interactions between state, economic and social actors across the Russian-Kazakh frontier in the early 19th century. Generally, first encounters across borders and boundaries include violence and invasion. Accordingly, the enslavement and subsequent ransoming of captured people represent common practices in frontier regions. Analyses of these processes illuminate the nature of interactions between different actors along the border. Securing release of slaves through ransom was a regular component of Russian foreign policy from the 16th century onwards. Imperial institutions were established for ransoming Russian Christian brothers-in-the-faith and, later, for other subjects of the Russian Empire who had been enslaved by the Ottoman Empire and Central Asian Khanates. With imperial financing, the Orenburg Border Commission (1799-1859) co-ordinated the ransoming process and developed networks for achieving the release of Russian subjects held in the Kazakh Steppe, in Khiva and Bukhara. Actors involved in these networks were of heterogeneous descent, including Russian imperial officials, Bukharian and Khivan merchants, Kazakh officials, as well as Russian agents. Drawing on archival research, this article explores ransoming networks and strategies along the Russian-Kazakh frontier and probes the motives of the actors involved.

scholarly journals The Russian Empire and Central Asia: Legal Relations in the Context of Frontier Modernization

2019 ◽  
pp. 72-81
Author(s):  
Роман Почекаев ◽  
Roman Pochekaev
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Russian Government ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
Border Regions ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
Eastern Border ◽  
Modernization Process ◽  
The Russian Empire

The paper is the first attempt to obtain insights into the legal relations of the Russian Empire with the countries of Central Asia based on the concept of frontier modernization. The author identifies the main stages of legal cooperation between Russia and Central Asian states in the 18th — early 20th centuries, reveals the main means and methods, by which the Russian government tried to influence the legal development of the countries and peoples of the region in each of the investigated stages. Here, he compares them with similar processes implemented by the Russian Empire in its other eastern border regions. According to the author, the incomplete frontier modernization process in the Central Asian khanates (unlike in Transcaucasia, Kazakhstan, etc.) was associated both with their formal legal status (the actual protectorate of the Russian Empire with formal independence) and with the political situation (the revolutionary events of 1917, which toppled the empire).

scholarly journals The regional policy of the Russian Empire in the first half of the 19th century: The Kingdom of Poland (1815–1830)

2020 ◽  
pp. 83-105
Author(s):  
Boris V. Nosov ◽  
Lyudmila P. Marney
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Political Development ◽  
Regional Policy ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The State ◽  
International Treaties ◽  
Russian Government ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article is devoted to the problems of the regional policy of the Russian Empire at the beginning of the 19th century discussed in the latest Russian historiography, to the peculiarities of the state-legal status and administrative practice of the Kingdom of Poland. It was the time when basic principles and a special structure of management at the outlying regions of the empire were developed, and when special (historical, national, and cultural) regions were formed on the periphery of the Empire. The policy of the Russian government in relation to the Kingdom of Poland depended both on the fundamental trends in the international relations in Central and Eastern Europe (as reflected in international treaties), as well as on the internal political development of the empire, and the peculiarities of political, legal, social, economic, cultural processes in the Kingdom and on Polish lands in Austria and Prussia. All these aspects have an impact on the debate that historians and legal experts are conducting on the state and legal status of parts of the lands of the former Principality of Warsaw that were included in the Russian Empire in 1815 by the decision of the Congress of Vienna. The fundamental political principles of the Russian Empire in the Kingdom of Poland in the first half of the 19th century were a combination of autocracy (with individual elements of enlightened absolutism), based on centralized bureaucratic control, and relatively decentralized political, administrative and estate structures, which assumed the presence of local self-government.

scholarly journals Swedish baron G.M. Sprengtporten in Russian service, 1786-1809

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 480-492
Author(s):  
Vladimir N. Shaidurov ◽  
Valentina A. Veremenko
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
Independent State ◽  
Russian Army ◽  
Historical Figures ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Short Time ◽  
First Time ◽  
Swedish Citizen

General of the Infantry Count G.M. Sprengtporten (1740-1819) is one of the less known historical figures of the last quarter of the 18th and of the early 19th century. As a Swedish citizen, he hatched plans to turn Finland into an independent state. In the mid-1780s he saw in Catherine II a potential ally who could implement his ideas. After accepting the invitation to enter Russian service, Sprengtporten did not blend either in the Highest Court or in the Russian army. Not having shown any significant military feats during the wars of the late 18th and early 19th centuries, he distinguished himself in the diplomatic and lawmaking field. An important event was his mission to Europe (1800-1801), which resulted in the return of more than six thousand Russian prisoners to Russia. The draft Regulations on the Establishment of the Main Administration in New Finland, developed by Sprengtporten with some changes made by Emperor Aleksander I, became the cornerstone of Finnish autonomy within the Russian Empire over the next century. Occupying for a short time the post of Governor General, he became a link between Finland and Russia. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the comprehensive presentation of the Russian service of G.M. Sprengtporten. The article is written on the basis of published sources and unpublished documents from some central archives, which are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time.

scholarly journals Crisis phenomena in Central Asian direction development of Russian foreign trade in the Orenburg direction in the 1st quarter of the 19th century

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 132-135
Author(s):  
Sergey Valentinovich Lyubichankovskiy
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Orenburg Region ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Special Rules ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century

The paper contains analysis of development tendencies of the Russian Empire foreign trade with Central Asian khanates in the first quarter of the 19th century. The authors found that the Russian State didnt pay much attention to the Asian customs policy in this direction for a long time. It was due to the fact that the trade with Central Asian khanates was of exchange and caravan character. The author came to the conclusion that the heads of the Orenburg Region - military and civil governors - made great efforts to change that situation and made special rules for the foreign trade development in the Orenburg Region. It promoted commodity turnover increase. The author proved that in the first quarter of the 19th century the most important element of Central Asian trade development crisis in the Orenburg direction was the fact that merchants from Central Asia dominated Russian merchants in the numerical ratio. However, the ministry of finance and E.F. Kankrin refused to forbid Central Asian merchants to trade at internal Russian fairs as it would result in stagnation in trade and would make prices for goods higher. This problem for the first quarter of the 19th century couldnt be solved as it was connected with the geopolitical status quo existing in the region. It only started to get solutions with an active military advance of Russia to Central Asia in the second half of the 19th century.

Governor in the system of state administration at the beginning of the 19th century

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (02) ◽  
pp. 66-73
Author(s):  
Elena Shahmuhametova ◽  
Malika Yusupova ◽  
Natali Solovyova ◽  
Olga Borisova
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Political Activity ◽  
State Administration ◽  
State Apparatus ◽  
Military Support ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Military ◽  
Provincial Politics

Provincial politics in the Russian Empire depended on the personality of the emperor, his views and worldview. During the years of Paul’s Government an extreme form of centralization has been established in the activities of the State apparatus. With the arrival of Emperor Alexander I, there was, in our opinion, a symbolic removal of the distance between the supreme power and its military support, which, in fact, removed obstacles to the spontaneous inclusion of the military in political activity in the next fluctuations of this monarch’s line.

scholarly journals Turkestan in the Russian Empire (The second half of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century)

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
pp. 138-144
Author(s):  
Gofforov Shokir Safarovich1 ◽  
Tursunova Gavhar
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Good Basis ◽  
Mass Migration ◽  
Russian Army ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Military

The Russian rulers seeker to establish the  military-political supremacy of the Russian Empire in Turkestan and begun the mass migration of orthodox population who could be the reliable support to the Russian army in the area. The immigrants were settled in privileged conditions that served as the good basis for the establishment of colonial rules of governing. The have envisaged the plan of transforming the territory of Turkestan to the comfortable military-strategik base.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document