Application of immunohistochemistry method in diagnosis of porcine circovirus associated diseases

Abstract Background Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2)-associated diseases are a major problem for the swine industry worldwide. In addition to vaccines, the availability of antiviral polymers provides an efficient and safe option for reducing the impact of these diseases. By virtue of their molecular weight and repetitious structure, polymers possess properties not found in small-molecule drugs. In this perspective, we focus on chitosan, a ubiquitous biopolymer, that adjusts the molecular weight and sulfated-mediated functionality could act as a efficient antiviral polymer by mimicking PCV2-cell receptor interactions. Methods Sulfated chitosan (Chi-S) polymers of two molecular weights were synthesized and characterized by FTIR, SEM-EDS and elemental analysis. The Chi-S solutions were tested against PCV2 infection in PK15 cells in vitro and antiviral activity was evaluated by measuring the PCV2 copy number upon application different molecular weights, sulfate functionalization, and concentration of polymer. In addition, to explore the mode of action of the Chi-S against PCV2 infection, experiments were designed to clarify whether the antiviral activity of the Chi-S would be influenced by when it was added to the cells, relative to the time and stage of viral infection. Results Chi-S significantly reduced genomic copies of PCV2, showing specific antiviral effects depending on its molecular weight, concentration, and chemical functionalization. Assays designed to explore the mode of action of Chi-S revealed that exerted antiviral activity through impeding viral attachment and penetration into cells. Conclusions These findings help better understanding PCV2-porcine cells interaction and reinforce the idea that sulfated polymers, such as Chi-S, represent a promising candidate for uses in antiviral therapies against PCV2-associated diseases.

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Understanding the pathogenesis of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2)-associated diseases

10.31274/rtd-180813-11668 ◽

2006 ◽

Author(s):

Tanja Ilse Opriessnig

Keyword(s):

Porcine Circovirus Type ◽

Porcine Circovirus Type 2 ◽

Porcine Circovirus ◽

Associated Diseases

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Porcine circovirus associated diseases diagnosis at industrial pig farm conditions

Agrarian science ◽

10.32634/0869-8155-2019-333-10-30-32 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 333 (10) ◽

pp. 30-32

Author(s):

S.A. Raev ◽

◽

A.G. Yushakov ◽

K.P. Alekseev ◽

M. Anoyatbekov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Porcine Circovirus ◽

Associated Diseases ◽

Pig Farm

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Detection and molecular characterization of porcine circovirus type 2 from piglets with Porcine Circovirus Associated Diseases in Colombia

Virology Journal ◽

10.1186/1743-422x-11-143 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Maria Antonia Rincón Monroy ◽

Gloria Consuelo Ramirez-Nieto ◽

Victor Julio Vera ◽

Jairo Jaime Correa ◽

Jose Dario Mogollón-Galvis

Keyword(s):

Molecular Characterization ◽

Porcine Circovirus Type ◽

Porcine Circovirus Type 2 ◽

Porcine Circovirus ◽

Associated Diseases

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Porcine circovirus type 2 and associated diseases in Romania — Short communication

Acta Veterinaria Hungarica ◽

10.1556/avet.55.2007.1.14 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 55 (1) ◽

pp. 151-156 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

D. Cadar ◽

A. Cságola ◽

Á. Dán ◽

Z. Deim ◽

Marina Spînu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Clinical Signs ◽

Porcine Circovirus Type ◽

Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome ◽

Porcine Circovirus Type 2 ◽

Porcine Circovirus ◽

Serum Samples ◽

Associated Diseases ◽

Wasting Syndrome

Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) has been demonstrated to be the causal agent for postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) and porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS). This report describes the first detection of PCV2 and associated diseases in a Romanian swine herd located in Transylvania. The clinical signs, pathological and histopathological changes observed in affected pigs were similar to those previously described for PDNS and PMWS. Polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridisation were used for the detection of PCV2 nucleic acids from tissues and serum samples. Complete PCV2 genomes of both PMWS and PDNS cases were sequenced and analysed, and by comparing them with each other no genomic differences could be detected. The sequence analysis showed that the Romanian PCV2 was closely related to PCV2 identified in France and in Hungary.

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Porcine circovirus type 2 and its associated diseases in Korea

Virus Research ◽

10.1016/j.virusres.2011.10.013 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 164 (1-2) ◽

pp. 107-113 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Chanhee Chae

Keyword(s):

Porcine Circovirus Type ◽

Porcine Circovirus Type 2 ◽

Porcine Circovirus ◽

Associated Diseases

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Global Status ofPorcine circovirusType 2 and Its Associated Diseases in Sub-Saharan Africa

Advances in Virology ◽

10.1155/2017/6807964 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2017 ◽

pp. 1-16 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Kayode O. Afolabi ◽

Benson C. Iweriebor ◽

Anthony I. Okoh ◽

Larry C. Obi

Keyword(s):

Economic Value ◽

Economic Loss ◽

Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Porcine Circovirus ◽

African Region ◽

Viral Pathogen ◽

Associated Diseases ◽

Wasting Syndrome ◽

Sub Saharan

Globally,Porcine circovirustype 2 (PCV2) is a recognized viral pathogen of great economic value in pig farming. It is the major cause of ravaging postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) and many other disease syndromes generally regarded asPorcine circovirusassociated diseases (PCVAD) in Europe. PCV2 infections, specifically PMWS, had impacted huge economic loss on swine production at different regions of the world. It has been studied and reported at different parts of the globe including: North and South America, Europe, Asia, Oceania, Middle East, and the Caribbean. However, till date, this virus and its associated diseases have been grossly understudied in sub-Sahara African region and the entire continent at large. Two out of forty-nine, representing just about 4% of countries that make up sub-Sahara Africa presently, have limited records on reported cases and occurrence of the viral pathogen despite the ubiquitous nature of the virus. This review presents an overview of the discovery ofPorcine circovirusand its associated diseases in global pig herds and emphasizes the latest trends in PCV2 vaccines and antiviral drugs development and the information gaps that exist on the occurrence of this important viral pathogen in swine herds of sub-Saharan Africa countries. This will serve as wake-up call for immediate and relevant actions by stakeholders in the region.

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Single amino acid mutations in the capsid switch the neutralization phenotype of porcine circovirus 2

Journal of General Virology ◽

10.1099/vir.0.042085-0 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 93 (7) ◽

pp. 1548-1555 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Dipongkor Saha ◽

David J. Lefebvre ◽

Karen Ooms ◽

Liping Huang ◽

Peter L. Delputte ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Capsid Protein ◽

Causative Agent ◽

Single Amino Acid ◽

Porcine Circovirus ◽

Phenotypic Switch ◽

Associated Diseases ◽

Porcine Circovirus 2 ◽

Amino Acid Mutations

Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) is the causative agent of porcine circovirus-associated diseases in pigs. Previously, it was demonstrated that mAbs 16G12, 38C1, 63H3 and 94H8 directed against the PCV2 capsid protein recognize PCV2 strains Stoon-1010 (PCV2a), 48285 (PCV2b), 1121 (PCV2a), 1147 (PCV2b) and II9F (PCV2b), but only neutralize Stoon-1010 and 48285. This points to the existence of two distinct PCV2 neutralization phenotypes: phenotype α (mAb recognition with neutralization; Stoon-1010 and 48285) and phenotype β (mAb recognition without neutralization; 1121, 1147 and II9F). In the present study, amino acids that are important in determining the neutralization phenotype were identified in the capsid. Mutation of T at position 190 to A in strain 48285 (phenotype α) resulted in a capsid resembling that of strain 1147 (phenotype β) and caused a loss of neutralization (switch from α to β). Mutations of P at position 151 to T and A at position 190 to T in strain II9F (phenotype β) resulted in a capsid resembling that of strain 48285 (phenotype α) and gave a gain of neutralization (switch from β to α). Mutations of T at position 131 to P and of E at position 191 to R in Stoon-1010 (phenotype α) changed the capsid into that of 1121 (phenotype β) and reduced neutralization (switch from α to β). This study demonstrated that single amino acid changes in the capsid result in a phenotypic switch from α to β or β to α.

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Genetic Characterization of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 from Pigs with Porcine Circovirus Associated Diseases in Argentina

ISRN Veterinary Science ◽

10.5402/2011/560905 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 2011 ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Ariel Pereda ◽

Pablo Piñeyro ◽

Ana Bratanich ◽

María Alejandra Quiroga ◽

Danilo Bucafusco ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nucleotide Sequence ◽

Genetic Characterization ◽

Porcine Circovirus Type ◽

Porcine Circovirus Type 2 ◽

Porcine Circovirus ◽

Associated Diseases ◽

Whole Genomes ◽

Preliminary Study

Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV-2) has been associated with syndromes grouped by the term porcine circovirus associated diseases (PCVAD). The PCV-2 isolates have been grouped into two major groups or genotypes according to their nucleotide sequence of whole genomes and/or ORF-2: PCV-2b, which have, in turn, been subdivided into three clusters (1A–1C), and PCV-2a, which has been subdivided into five clusters (2A–2E). In the present study, we obtained 16 sequences of PCV-2 from different farms from 2003 to 2008, from animals with confirmatory diagnosis of PCVAD. Since results showed an identity of 99.8% among them, they were grouped within a common cluster 1A-B. This preliminary study suggests a stable circulation of PCV-2b among the Argentinean pig population.

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