Standardized preparations of yeast and vitamin B12, and some alternative treatments, were administered to Indian fresh-water carp (Catla catla, Labeo rohita, Cirrhina mrigala) during the first 2 weeks of life following hatching, to determine their effect on survival.A randomized block design was employed to set up 54 treatment groups, with 9 replications for each of 6 treatments. The daily treatments per 9 liters of water were: 0.324 g yeast; 25 μg crystalline vitamin B12; 10 ml of ruminant stomach extract; 1 μg cobalt nitrate; 10 ml ruminant stomach extract with 1 μg cobalt nitrate; and an untreated control. Significant differences (P < 01) were observed between the proportion of carp surviving in the control and in treatments with yeast, vitamin B12, ruminant stomach extract, and ruminant stomach extract with cobalt nitrate. Yeast was the most effective treatment, with 89% surviving; with ruminant stomach extract with cobalt nitrate 84% survived; with ruminant stomach extract alone 83% survived; with vitamin B12 75% survived; while 65% survived in the untreated control. The results indicate that some components of the vitamin B complex, including B12, are effective in increasing survival during the early period of life. Alternative treatments utilizing ruminant stomach extract, possibly containing these components, are also adequate for increasing survival.
EFFICIENT AND GREEN CATALYTIC SYNTHESIS OF DIHYDROPYRIMIDINONE (THIONE) DERIVATIVES USING COBALT NITRATE IN SOLVENT-FREE CONDITIONS
