Analysis of the Use of Rare-Earth Metals in Ferrous Metallurgy in Russia and the World

The analysis of the current state of production of rare earth metals (REM) in Russia and in the world was made. Information about REM production in different countries of the world and about new foreign projects for REM production and processing is provided. The article presents the balance of production, export and import of raw materials and products with REM, including scandium and yttrium, in Russia. The maximum volume of REM consumption in Russia was calculated taking into account imported products with REM. This data was compared with other countries, including the former USSR. Much attention is paid to the use of REM in metallurgy. Data on the influence of REM on the properties of cast iron and steel are presented. Information is given about the forms of REM used for their use in the Russian ferrous metallurgy. We have studied the structure of REM consumption in ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy. On the example of two enterprises (one of them specializes in mass production, and the second – on production of special steels), the structure of REM consumption for steel alloying was studied by type and scope of its application. The development peculiarities of REM consumption in Russian ferrous metallurgy were investigated. The volume of consumption was calculated; data on imports of raw materials with REM for metallurgy and the producers of ferroalloys with REM in Russia is given. We have analyzed the spectrum of steel products with REM. A comparison of the consumption of REM in the metallurgy of Russia and foreign countries is presented. The reasons for insufficient consumption of REM in the Russian metallurgy are considered, an assessment is given on the change in production volumes of certain types of steel and cast iron, and recommendations are made on the growth of REM consumption in metallurgy.

Download Full-text

Marine Authigenic Deposits Mineral - New Fields for the Development of Rare Earth Resources

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.291-294.1748 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 291-294 ◽

pp. 1748-1751

Author(s):

Ying Zhang ◽

Chang Shui Liu ◽

Lian Feng Gao ◽

Zhen Guo Zhang ◽

Peng Zhang

Keyword(s):

Rare Earth ◽

Rare Earth Metals ◽

Mineral Resources ◽

Resource Depletion ◽

Polymetallic Nodules ◽

Growth History ◽

Valuable Metals ◽

The World ◽

Development And Utilization ◽

Rare Earth Mineral

Rare earth metals are an important strategic resource. Due to scarce reserves, and large consumer demand, it is facing the crisis of resource depletion. Marine are the largest deposits sites in the world. In the long growth history, marine autogenic sedimentary mineral, such as polymetallic nodules, crusts with large quantities, not only contain the enrichment of Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Ni and other valuable metals, but also contain extremely rare earth elements (REE) in the crust. Thus, in the process of developing marine mineral resources, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Ni and other metals are used, while it is possible for the development and utilization of the associated rare earth mineral. Marine may become a new field of rare earth resources development.

Download Full-text

China, The World Trade Organization, And The Market For Rare Earth Minerals

International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER) ◽

10.19030/iber.v12i3.7669 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

pp. 257

Author(s):

Joseph A. Giacalone ◽

Genai Greenidge

Keyword(s):

Supply Chain ◽

Rare Earth ◽

Rare Earth Elements ◽

World Trade Organization ◽

World Trade ◽

Rare Earth Metals ◽

The World ◽

Rare Earth Minerals ◽

Supply Chain Risks ◽

The Rare Earth

Rare earth elements (also referred to as rare earth minerals, rare earth metals, green elements, rare earths or simply REEs) are comprised of 17 elements of the periodic table. The metals are often found combined together in ores and must be separated into its individual elements. On the supply side of the market, China is currently the largest producer of rare earth elements in the world, mining at least 90% of total world production. Consequently, many countries around the world rely on imports of these REEs to facilitate production of the various systems and products that are dependent on the rare earth metals as raw materials. With one supplier effectively monopolizing the rare earth industry, this imposes severe supply-chain risks to the producers of products that rely on rare earth minerals. After several actions that have restricted the supply, the United States, the European Union, and Japan have challenged China for violating provisions of its membership in the World Trade Organization. This paper will examine the rare earth industry, Chinas near-monopoly, global supply-chain risks, and strategies to reduce dependence on China, including the invocation of the WTOs dispute resolution process.

Download Full-text

Alloying metals of Russia. Mineral raw materials resources: state, utilization, perspective of development (Report 2)

Ferrous Metallurgy Bulletin of Scientific Technical and Economic Information ◽

10.32339/0135-5910-2019-6-675-682 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 75 (6) ◽

pp. 675-682

Author(s):

V. S. Pikalova ◽

L. P. Tigunov ◽

L. Z. Bykhovskii

Keyword(s):

Rare Earth ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Rare Earth Metals ◽

Wide Distribution ◽

The State ◽

Alumina Production ◽

Irkutsk Region ◽

Molybdenum Deposit ◽

Boron Minerals ◽

The World

A group of metals, including tantalum, rare earth metals, beryllium, titanium, zirconium, rhenium, scandium and boron has a big importance for alloying steel, aluminum and other non-ferrous metals as well as for production of different alloys. In Russia, the explored resources of tantalum by many times exceed the plants’ demands. Zashikhinskoe and Vishnyakovskoe deposits in Irkutskregion, as well as Katuginskoe in Chitaregion are most promising. The State balance accounts the resources of rare earth metals (REM) oxides by 20 deposits. Russiatakes the second place in the world after Chinaby REM resources. The balance resources of beryllium are accounted in 35 deposits, exceeding the world proved resources in the summarized categories A + B + C1+ C2. Russia takes the third place in the world after China and Australia by zirconium resources. The state balance accounts 36 deposits of titanium and 21 deposit of zirconium. Rhenium is the least provided by deposits and most demanded metal. The state balance of RF accounts resources of rhenium in seven deposits: three of them being copper-molybdenum deposits, two – copperporphyritic deposits, one – tungsten-molybdenum deposit and one – purely rhenium deposit. Resources of scandium as an associated component are accounted in eight deposits of Russia, half of the being within the allocated fund of bowels. However, man-caused formations – red sludge – wastes of alumina production – are most real source of scandium. Big resources of scandium are associated with the wastes of iron ore production at Kachkanar mining and concentration plant, which ate not accounted by the State balance. Resources of three deposits of boron ores are accounted in Russia, two of the being within the allocated fund of bowels – the Dal’negorskoe (Primorsky region) which utilized, and Taezhnoe (Sakha Republic – Yakutiya), which is being prepared for utilization. A wide distribution of boron minerals ascertained in magnetite ores, developed in Korshunovskoe (Irkutsk region) and Kazskoe (Kemerovo region) deposits.

Download Full-text