Assessment of Labor Intensity in Research and Development

With the continuous expansion of Pennisetum sp.(Giant Juncao) planting acreage, Pennisetum sp. entire production mechanization become the inevitable trend of industrialization in order to improve Pennisetum sp. productivity and reduce labor intensity of farmers. This paper describes the value of application and promotion of the Pennisetum sp. Planting. In view of various working mechanism of Pennisetum sp. planting equipment, the situation quo of Pennisetum sp. planting equipment was summarized, the problems of planting working mechanism on the research and development were analyzed. It is indicated that a research method which was suitable for Pennisetum sp. hillside planting equipment based on the virtual prototype technology. The prospect of further research in this field was proposed.

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The Research and Development of the Coal Mine Underground Drainage Equipment Automatic Control System

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1049-1050.1038 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 1049-1050 ◽

pp. 1038-1041

Author(s):

Zhang Meng ◽

Tao Zhu Feng ◽

Guo Feng

Keyword(s):

Control System ◽

Service Life ◽

Research And Development ◽

Coal Mine ◽

Mine Drainage ◽

Drainage System ◽

Labor Intensity ◽

Relay Control ◽

Coal Mine Drainage ◽

Plc Control

The coal mine drainage equip ment plays an important role to make the production normally and orderly. At present, domestic coal mine drainage system implement manual monitoring, namely the traditional relay control method.Feature of this method is that a large labor intensity, low reliability and stability,and complicated control circuit,it has not adapted to the needs of the development of coal.In this paper, design of the automatic drainage system is to make up for the shortage of the traditional relay control,it adopts PLC control with a combination of PC monitor to improve the safety of the work,and has a long service life, convenient maintenance, etc.

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Management of the Process of R & D Cost Formation in State Scientific and Educational Institutions

Management Science ◽

10.26794/2304-022x-2018-8-4-40-50 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 40-50

Author(s):

O. V. Losevaa ◽

T. V. Tazikhina ◽

M. A. Fedotova

Keyword(s):

Research And Development ◽

The State ◽

Educational Institutions ◽

High Tech ◽

Intensity Increase ◽

Labor Intensity ◽

Intellectual Activity ◽

Experimental Development ◽

Scientific Organizations ◽

Maximum Price

Management of the process of research and development cost formation (hereinafter — R & D) in Russian scientific organizations and institutions of higher education is an urgent task in an environment where budget funding for research is reduced, and the universities themselves are interested in increasing their revenues from fundamental, applied research and experimental development. In addition, the rating of educational institutions, their competitiveness in the market of intellectual services, including, depends on the number of successfully implemented together with business partners of innovative projects that are based on research and development, the number of commercialized results of intellectual activity (hereinafter-R&D) and concluded state contracts. Methods of algorithmization, modeling, calculation coefficients, expert estimates, determination of the initial (maximum) price of the contract have been used. Research result: Two models of research performance cost formation by the educational and scientific organizations are presented: 1) on the state task; 2) on other types of R&D. In the first case, the model is based on the allocated subsidy for the implementation of the state task, adjusted for the coefficient of labor intensity increase, which is calculated on the basis of the criteria of scientific, technical and consumer efficiency of research. The final labor intensity increase coefficient is a rating of the application of a particular creative team to perform research. In the second case, the fundamental element of value formation is the initial (maximum) price of the contract, which can be determined on the basis of cost, comparative or income approach, as well as (in the case of the state customer) by summing tax revenues to the budgets of all levels from the production and sale of high-tech products. The total value is defined as the minimum value of the contract prices calculated by different methods. The developed models of value formation can be used to build a methodology for determining the cost of R&D

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Description of the Determination Processes for the Typical Research and Development Intensity Normative Indicators

Research in World Economy ◽

10.5430/rwe.v11n1p64 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 64

Author(s):

Sergey Novikov ◽

Andrey Sazonov

Keyword(s):

Life Cycle ◽

Research And Development ◽

Product Life Cycle ◽

Automated System ◽

Information Support ◽

Labor Intensity ◽

Labor Costs ◽

Product Life ◽

Technological Support ◽

Intensity Forecast

The article is devoted to description of the determination processes for the typical research and development (R&D) intensity normative indicators. In the theoretical part, the authors consider the standards system formation and labor costs norms for R&D. The main composit element (CE) hierarchy of the R&D technology is given. The scheme of the development algorithm for the R&D labor costs standards is drawn. The labor costs norming technique for research works is considered. The procedure for determining the labor costs normative volume for a standardized object is determined. In the research part, the article’s authors examined the automated system components used to determine labor intensity forecast indicators in the product life cycle information support. The process of determining the normative labor costs volume based on eight consecutive stages is presented. The database composition necessary for the product life cycle information support is described. Modules for projects’ planning and monitoring in the automated system framework are considered structurally. The modules’ composition used for the analysis of production systems and forecasting production economic indicators is determined. The regulatory requirements for the production’s modules for technological support and technical regulation are given as part of the automated system work for determining labor intensity forecast indicators in the product life cycle information support. The article concludes with an algorithm for estimating the R&D work clusters’ cost and the aircraft’s distributed systems creation and development.

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Income Fluctuations and Firm Choice

Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis ◽

10.1017/s0022109020000526 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-29

Author(s):

Scott R. Baker ◽

Brian Baugh ◽

Lorenz Kueng

Keyword(s):

Research And Development ◽

Labor Demand ◽

Labor Intensity ◽

Firm Risk ◽

Level Data ◽

Transaction Level ◽

The Universe ◽

Income Fluctuations

Abstract How households shift spending across firms in response to income fluctuations is an important source of firm risk. Using transaction-level data, we study how households interact with the universe of retailers following income changes. We find that income increases within and across households result in substitution toward retailers in a category that are higher quality; smaller; more profitable; and have higher labor intensity, research and development (R&D) intensity, and equity betas. Although not all shifts are economically large, they do not average out across retailers. Thus, retailer choice has implications for key financial and macroeconomic outcomes, such as aggregate profitability and labor demand.

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Caclulation Structure of Labor Costs for the Research and Development

Research in World Economy ◽

10.5430/rwe.v11n3p50 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 50

Author(s):

Sergey Novikov ◽

Andrey Sazonov

Keyword(s):

Research And Development ◽

Labor Intensity ◽

Methodological Framework ◽

Determination Method ◽

Labor Costs ◽

Schematic Representation ◽

Algorithm Development ◽

Object Based ◽

Accounting Unit

The article is devoted to labor costs standards determination method for the preparation, organization and implementation of research and development (R&D). Labor costs norms and standards areas of use for R&D are defined. In the methodological part of the article, there is a proposed schematic representation of the calculating process of the labor intensity normative indicator. During the study, it was found that the number of communication possible forms between the change in the labor costs volume and the change in the standardized planning and accounting unit and analogue factors is limited to three, according to which calculation formulas for particular comparability coefficients are given in the article. The discussion in the article is based on features discussion of using experimental statistical and expert methods for determining standard indicators for labor costs comparing standard indicators.The result of the study is the multilateral algorithm development for determining the labor costs normative volume for a standardized object based on the use of two possible scenarios. In conclusion it was note that one of the ways to increase the determining efficiency of R&D cost is to further improve the legislative and normative-methodological framework for conducting this assessment, creating incentives for work performers to reduce costs with R&D quality necessary level, for example, by keeping them parts of the resulting savings.

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