Kuhu suundub püsivus? Verbidega jääma ja jätma väljendatud sündmuste kujutamine katses

Kokkuvõte. Uurimus põhineb autorite välja töötatud joonistamise ja häälega mõtlemise katse tulemustel. Katses paluti katseisikutel (21 eesti keelt emakeelena kõnelejat) kujutada ja selgitada katse läbiviijale 24 verbi suunda (näiteks nooltega). Selles artiklis esitame täpsemalt neist kahe – jääma ja jätma – analüüsi. Verb jätma on jääma kausatiivtuletis. See mõjutab ka nende tähenduserinevust – jääma on passiivsem, jätma aga aktiivsem ja agenti rõhutav. Katseisikute kujutiste ja selgituste põhjal kirjeldame, milline oli noolte suund kujutistel ja millistest elementidest koosneb mõlema uuritava verbi skeem. Selgus, et katseisikud kujutasid verbi jätma suunda nooltega, verbi jääma oli kujutatud pigem punktide, täppide, ringide või kaarjate joontega. Kujutistel ja selgitustes avaldusid ka tüüpilised skeemi osalised: JÄÄJA, JÄTJA ja JÄETU. Mõlema verbi tegevuse aega kujutati ja selgitati minevikulisusega. Sarnane on ka nende verbide mõistemetafoorsus: mõlemad kajastavad pigem negatiivset hinnangut. Verbi jääma tähenduses on olulisel kohal see, et potentsiaalne muutus ei toimu. Verb jätma väljendab aga seda, et potentsiaalse muutuse mittetoimumine põhjustatakse. Abstract. Ilona Tragel, Jane Klavan: The direction and participants of the events expressed by the verbs jääma and jätma: a drawing experiment. We use an innovative experimental design to extract the regularities of the general conceptual structure from the speakers’ mind: a drawing task with a thinkaloud protocol. 21 native speakers of Estonian provided schematic representations of 20 experimental verbs and 4 control verbs. Our discussion focuses on jääma ‘stay, remain’ and jätma ‘leave something somewhere’. jääma typically expresses intransitive events and jätma transitive events. We zoom in on the following topics: transitivity and causativity, the positive/negative evaluation of the activity, the schematic representation of the direction of verbs and the elements belonging to the verb schema. Our study shows that the differences in the transitivity of the two verbs are reflected in the drawings and explanations given by the participants. Our results confirm the general prediction that abstract verbs have an image-schematic direction, but the specifics of the direction vary according to the type of verb.

Analysis of Critical Thinking Dispositions Regarding Teachers’ Schematic Representation of Resource Systems

Studies in recent years have focused heavily on teacher practice and analyzing textbooks and their contents. The schematic representation of the resource system can be used to analyze the composition of teachers’ creation of the document. It is also thought to be an effective process for revealing their critical thinking dispositions. This study aims to determine whether teacher candidates reflect critical thinking dispositions to their schematic representation of the resource systems. The case study design, one of the qualitative research methods, was used in this study. The research was conducted with 26 third-year students from the mathematics department in the faculty of education. In this study, it has been revealed that teacher candidates reflect the resources and critical thinking dispositions they preferred in their schematic representations of resource systems. The five themes “truth-seeking”, “open-minded”, “analytic”, “systematic” and “self-confidence” were found in the schematic presentation of mathematics teacher candidates’ critical thinking dispositions. Also, it was noted that mathematics teacher candidates were more oriented towards digital resources, especially internet resources. As a result, this study showed the resources that affect the professional development of teacher candidates and the relationships between these resources and their critical thinking orientations by the schematic representation of the resource system.

Problems of tax risk assessment and management

Subject. The article addresses the issues of analysis and management of tax risks. Objectives. The purpose is to show the significance of certain methods for tax risk assessment, identify problems in tax risk management, propose measures to improve the management process. Methods. The study employs methods of induction, deduction, structural analysis, synthesis, comparison, schematic representation of relationships, statistical and economic, computational and constructive techniques. Results. The paper reveals that tax budgets are often non-realistic. There are no methods for qualitative and quantitative assessment of tax risks, regulatory support in the field of tax risk monitoring. Conclusions. The described stages of government’s tax risk management are interconnected. It is important to apply modern methods in tax budget preparation, to develop methods for quantitative and qualitative assessment of tax risks, to strengthen the monitoring of tax risks through designing an algorithm of its implementation.

EFFECTIVENESS OF SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION IN SOLVING WORD PROBLEM

Schematic representation is very important for students to solve problems in solving word problems. There are two types of schematic representation namely pure schematic representation and mixed schematic representation. The process of forming a pure schematic representation tends to be more concise than the process of forming a mixed schematic representation. So it is necessary to investigate in more detail and in-depth which is more effective between pure schematic representation or mixed schematic representation in helping students to solve word problems. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of pure schematic representation and mixed schematic representation in solving word problems. The effectiveness mentioned in this study is the accuracy and precision of the schematic representation formed by the students when solving word problems. This study uses a qualitative approach involving students from grade IX in Metro City, Lampung, Inonesia as research subjects. The students involved in this study were 60 students. Of the 60 students, two were selected as research subjects representing pure schematic representation and mixed schematic representation. Both subjects were chosen considering the possibility of forming a schematic representation and having good communication skills. The results of this study indicate that students who form pure schematic representation present information and schematic drawings formed in a more concise, precise and accurate manner. While students who form a mixed schematic representation by presenting less structured information, the schematic drawings formed are longer. So it can be concluded that a pure schematic representation is more effective than a mixed schematic representation for solving word problems.Keywords: Representations; mixed schematic representations; pure schematic representations; word problem. AbstrakRepresentasi skematis sangat penting bagi siswa untuk mengurai masalah dalam menyelesaikan word problem. Terdapat dua jenis representasi skematis yaitu representasi skematis murni dan representasi skematis campuran. Proses terbentuknya representasi skematis murni cenderung lebih ringkas (pendek) dibandingkan dengan proses terbentuknya representasi skematis campuran. Maka perlu diselidiki lebih detail dan mendalam manakah yang lebih efektif antara representasi skematis murni atau representasi skematis campuran dalam membantu siswa selama menyelesaikan word problem. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektivitas antara representasi skematis murni dan representasi skematis campuran dalam pemecahan word problem. Efektivitas yang dimaksud dalam penelitian ini adalah ketepatan dan keakuratan representasi skematis yang dibentuk siswa selama menyelesaikan word problem. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitiatif yang melibatkan siswa kelas IX di Kota Metro, Lampung, Indonesia sebagai subjek penelitian. Siswa yang terlibat dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 60 siswa. Dari 60 siswa dipilih dua siswa sebagai subjek penelitian yang mewakili representasi skematis murni dan representasi skematis campuran. Dua subjek tersebut dipilih melalui pertimbangan mampu membentuk representasi skematis dengan baik, dan memiliki kemampuan komunikasi yang baik. Sebuah tes diberikan untuk mengetahui kemampuan siswa dalam membentuk representasi skematis. Hasil pekerjaan siswa yang terkumpul dianalisis dan digunakan sebagai bahan dalam wawancara untuk menggali informasi bagaimana siswa membentuk representasi skematis. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa siswa yang membentuk representasi skematis murni menyajikan informasi-informasi dan gambar skema yang dibentuk lebih ringkas, tepat dan akurat. Sedangkan siswa yang membentuk reprsentasi skematis campuran dalam menyajikan informasi-informasi kurang terstruktur, dan gambar skema yang dibentuk lebih panjang. Sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa representasi skematis murni lebih efektif daripada representasi skematis campuran selama menyelesaikan word problem.Kata kunci: Representasi; representasi skematis campuran; representasi skematis murni; word problem.

Innovative ecosystem as an organizational form for accumulating and scaling new knowledge in the industrial revolution era

The article is devoted to the study of the history of the "innovation ecosystem" concept formation and provides a simplified schematic representation of the system as five interacting modules. Innovations are assumed by national governments and companies as a source of long-term sustainability. In the past decade, there has been an increased interest in identifying approaches that would accelerate the development and deployment of innovations. The attention of the academic and business communities representatives to the innovation ecosystems underlines the fact that it is ecosystems and IT platforms that implement them that are the most promising candidates for the role of an organizational structure for the accumulation and scaling of new knowledge in the era of the industrial revolution.

Application of carbon nano onions in the biomedical field: recent advances and challenges

Schematic representation of application of Carbon Nano Onions (CNOs) in the biomedical field.

An anionic and cationic surfactant-assisted hydrothermal synthesis of cobalt oxide nanoparticles as the active electrode material for supercapacitors

Schematic representation of surfactant action for synthesis of cobalt hydroxide and oxide.

A periodic development of BPA and BSH based derivatives in boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT)

A schematic representation of various judicious approaches for the synthesis of BPA and BSH modified compounds for effective BNCT.

β-Conglycinin induces the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps dependent on NADPH oxidase-derived ROS, PAD4, ERK1/2 and p38 signaling pathways in mice

Schematic representation of β-conglycinin induced NETosis.

Econometric modelling of bank activities: value-based approach to the problem loans terms’ rescheduling

The permanent state of the financial crisis has predictably brought to the forefront such traditional problem of banking as problem loans. This research aims to work out an econometric approach to the solution of the problem of loans terms’ rescheduling. For this purpose, we, firstly, treated credit as a bank’s investment project with cashflows’ chart including initial outflow (principal) and following inflows represented by loan payments. Secondly, we combined the schematic representation of loan’s cashflows with NPV formula accustomed to loan’s cashflows and it allowed to create the econometric models for three types of loan: classic, annuity, serial. Thirdly, for the case when borrower breaks a loan’s payment schedule and it leads to the reduction of loan’s NPV and loss of the wealth of bank’s shareholders, respectively, we outlined special compensative models of cashflows where default in payment is interpreted by the lender as an additional forced loan. We suggested modifying the loan terms (interest rate or effective period of the loan agreement) for the rest of payment periods. Fourthly, we laid the special compensative models of forced loans’ cashflows a top corresponded initial cashflows of loans and this has made it possible to get formulas calculating the modified interest rate and the additional number of loans’ payment periods with the aid of backward calculation. As a result, we developed the econometric models of the loan terms’ modifications based on the prolongation of the initial credit period and the increasing of the initial interest rate.