From Morality to Madness: A Reappraisal of the Asylum Movement in Psychiatry 1800–1940

1986 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 180-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Kosky
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Social Control ◽  
World War ◽  
History Of

This essay outlines the history of the asylum movement in psychiatry, but from a somewhat different angle than usual. It attempts to delineate the historical interactions between perceptions of morality and of madness. Changes in these interactions relate to the rise of the asylum movement, around 1800, and its demise, just after World War II. I argue that, whilst insanity was defined against the rational, secular morality of the eighteenth century, it could be separated from immorality and put aside into its asylum. Once mechanistic science and medical scientism began, during the nineteenth century, to include immorality in the systems of disease, the distinction could not hold. The asylums became flooded with the immoral, and management became custodial and nihilistic. This nexus was broken when the asylums were defined, by a few revolutionary superintendents, as instruments of social control. Nevertheless, intellectual paradigms derived from asylum psychiatry persist.

Social Control and the Volksschule in Vormärz Prussia

1983 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth Barkin
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Social Control ◽  
Economic History ◽  
National Socialism ◽  
German History ◽  
World War ◽  
The Past ◽  
Pre World War Ii

The ascension to power and twelve-year rule of National Socialism has had an enormous and continuing impact on the writing of German history. Since the early fifties, the leitmotiv of scholarship has been the search for the origins of Nazi successes in the peculiarities of Germany's or rather Prussia's history in the nineteenth century. Even with the emergence of social and economic history in the late sixties, the task of unearthing National Socialism's roots remained unchanged, although the tools altered and a more sophisticated strategy was adopted. A pervasive tendency developed to view all contemporary institutions as props of the authoritarian Prussian regime. Whereas pre–World War II scholarship glorified the Prussian past uncritically, the past two decades have witnessed across-the-board condemnation.

Tatarstan: Adjusting to life in Putin's Russia

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kate Graney
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Soviet Rule ◽  
Interesting Aspect ◽  
World War ◽  
Political Autonomy ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic

A little-noted but interesting aspect of the Russian annexation of Crimea in March 2014 was Vladimir Putin's government's attempt to enlist officials from the Republic of Tatarstan to smooth the transition of Crimea back to Russian rule. It makes sense — the Crimean and Volga Tatars are ethnic, linguistic, and religious kin, and both trace their history of statehood back to the Golden Horde successor khanates of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The Crimean Khanate maintained its independence far longer than Kazan was able to; while the defeat of Kazan in 1552 marked the beginning of the expansion of the modern Russian Empire under Ivan IV, the Crimean Khanate retained some form of autonomy until nearly the end of the eighteenth century. During the ensuing years, the fortunes of the two peoples and their states reversed yet again; Tatarstan emerged from Soviet rule as a powerful actor determined to make the new Russian Federation truly a federal state in practice as well as on paper (in part by invoking the heritage of the Kazan Khanate). In contrast the Crimean Tatars, never having recovered demographically or politically from their forced exile to Central Asia by Stalin during World War II, struggled to establish some form of cultural and political autonomy as part of a newly independent Ukraine.

6 The Legal Nature of the International Bond Market

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bamford Colin
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Bond Market ◽  
World War ◽  
Legal Nature ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Way

The chapter explains the history of the international bond market, from its origins in the nineteenth century issues of loan stock, through the development of the Eurodollar market after World War II and the adoption of bonds as a way for corporate borrowers to access that market. It then discusses the evolution of the documentation used, paying particular attention to the concept of negotiability, which facilitated the ready transfer of bonds. It goes on to consider the idea of immobilization and the growth of securities clearing organisations. In this context, it considers recent developments in Europe, brought about by the requirements of the ECB. The chapter then turns to an analysis of the legal relationships created by the structure of bonds and the way they are traded, and ends with a discussion of the move to the dematerialization of the market.

Reviews: The Memoirs of John M. Regan, a Catholic Officer in the RIC and RUC, 1909–1948, Becoming Conspicuous: Irish Travellers, Society and the State 1922–1970, Nineteenth-Century Ireland: The Search for Stability, Landlords, Tenants, Famine: The Business of an Irish Land Agency in the 1840s, Ireland's Great Famine: Interdisciplinary Perspectives, When the Potato Failed: Causes and Effects of the last European Subsistence Crisis, 1845–1850, Local Government in Nineteenth-Century County Dublin: The Grand Jury, a South Roscommon Emigrant: Emigration and Return, 1890–1920, Edenderry, County Offaly, and the Downshire Estate, 1790–1800, Restoration Strabane, 1660–1714: Economy and Society in Provincial Ireland, Cavan, 1609–1653: Plantation, War and Religion, Aloys Fleischmann, Raymond Deane, the Murders at Wildgoose Lodge: Agrarian Crime and Punishment in pre-Famine Ireland, the Georgian Squares of Dublin: An Architectural History, Exploring the History and Heritage of Irish Landscapes, the Oxford History of the Irish Book, Spinning the Threads of Uneven Development: Gender and Industrialization in Ireland during the long Eighteenth Century, Irish Agriculture: A Price History from the Mid-Eighteenth Century to the End of the First World War, Subversive Law in Ireland, 1879–1920: From ‘Unwritten Law’ to the Dáil Courts, the De Vesci Papers, Michael Davitt: Freelance Radical and Frondeur, Redmond, the Parnellite, Freemasonry in Ulster, 1733–1813, the Writings of Theobald Wolfe Tone, 1763–1798, Dublin Docklands Reinvented, are You Still Below? The Ford Marina Plant, Cork, 1917–1984, the Irish County Surveyors, 1834–1944: A Biographical Dictionary, Kathleen Lynn, Irishwoman, Patriot, Doctor, Census of Ireland circa 1659 with Essential Materials from the Poll Money Ordinances, 1660–1661, Nationalism and the Irish Party: Provincial Ireland, 1910–1916, Portraying Irish Travellers: Histories and Representations, Davitt, Court of Claims: Submissions and Evidence, 1663

2008 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-165
Author(s):  
W. J. Lowe ◽  
Thomas Acton ◽  
Christine Kinealy ◽  
Conor McNamara ◽  
Seán Mac Liam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
World War ◽  
Crime And Punishment ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Biographical Dictionary ◽  
History Of ◽  
Long Eighteenth Century ◽  
Unwritten Law ◽  
First World

Becoming Market and People Cities

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Oluf Emerson ◽  
Kevin T. Smiley
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Small Area ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
World War ◽  
Population Changes ◽  
History Of ◽  
The City

This chapter details the history of Copenhagen and Houston. In Copenhagen, we showcase the medieval roots of the city and how it was compacted into a relatively small area until the mid-nineteenth century. Since that time, many economic, governmental, and population changes have occurred. In Houston, we study how the younger city took off with the rise of the oil and gas industries, particularly after World War II. We discuss rising ethnic diversity in the context of the city’s tradition of guidance by economic and civic elites. We conclude by focusing on two points of crisis in the cities – in the mid-nineteenth century and in the 1980s and early 1990s – and how those shaped how they came to be Market Cities and People Cities.

Asia’s Ambivalence about International Law

2019 ◽  
pp. 15-36
Author(s):  
Simon Chesterman
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
International Law ◽  
Political Power ◽  
World War ◽  
Push Factors ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
History Of ◽  
Unequal Treaties

This chapter traces the broad history of Asia’s engagement with international law, focusing on three aspects that continue to have resonance today. First is the experience of colonialism by India and many other countries across the continent. Second, the unequal treaties of the nineteenth century and the failure to recognize the People’s Republic of China for much of the twentieth century encouraged a perception that international law was primarily an instrument of political power. Third, the trials that followed World War II left a legacy of suspicion that international law deals only selectively with alleged misconduct, leaving unresolved many of the larger political challenges of that conflict with ongoing ramifications today. The chapter then argues that Asian states’ ongoing ambivalence towards international law and institutions can also be attributed to the diversity of the region, power disparities among states, and the absence of ‘push’ factors driving greater integration.

Afterword

2021 ◽  
pp. 202-218
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
New Mexico ◽  
Social Control ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Human Engineering ◽  
Intensive Study ◽  
Human Relations ◽  
World War ◽  
History Of

This chapter includes an interview with Rebecca Lemov on the history of anthropological collaboration. It discusses Lemov's dissertation on the history of collaborations created by anthropologists in the 1930s and 1940s that became known as the Human Relations Area Files. It also describes Lemov's work as a dream of achieving social control or human engineering through an advanced behaviorism via advanced behaviorist design. The chapter mentions Coordinated Investigation of Micronesian Anthropology, recognized as CIMA and SILA, which was done in Latin America during World War II as some of Lemov's projects. It talks about the Harvard Department of Social Relations Five Cultures project, which was an intensive study of five neighboring demarcated cultures in Ramah, New Mexico.

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