Neural substrates of drug craving and relapse in drug addiction

1998 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 379-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
David W Self
Keyword(s):  
Drug Addiction ◽  
Neural Substrates ◽  
Drug Craving

scholarly journals The Paradoxical Effect Hypothesis of Abused Drugs in a Rat Model of Chronic Morphine Administration

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (15) ◽  
pp. 3197
Author(s):  
Yinghao Yu ◽  
Alan Bohan He ◽  
Michelle Liou ◽  
Chenyin Ou ◽  
Anna Kozłowska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Addiction ◽  
Basolateral Amygdala ◽  
Neural Substrates ◽  
Plasma Corticosterone ◽  
High Plasma ◽  
Paradoxical Effect ◽  
Chronic Morphine ◽  
Morphine Administration ◽  
Abused Drugs ◽  
Effect Hypothesis

A growing body of studies has recently shown that abused drugs could simultaneously induce the paradoxical effect in reward and aversion to influence drug addiction. However, whether morphine induces reward and aversion, and which neural substrates are involved in morphine’s reward and aversion remains unclear. The present study first examined which doses of morphine can simultaneously produce reward in conditioned place preference (CPP) and aversion in conditioned taste aversion (CTA) in rats. Furthermore, the aversive dose of morphine was determined. Moreover, using the aversive dose of 10 mg/kg morphine tested plasma corticosterone (CORT) levels and examined which neural substrates were involved in the aversive morphine-induced CTA on conditioning, extinction, and reinstatement. Further, we analyzed c-Fos and p-ERK expression to demonstrate the paradoxical effect—reward and aversion and nonhomeostasis or disturbance by morphine-induced CTA. The results showed that a dose of more than 20 mg/kg morphine simultaneously induced reward in CPP and aversion in CTA. A dose of 10 mg/kg morphine only induced the aversive CTA, and it produced higher plasma CORT levels in conditioning and reacquisition but not extinction. High plasma CORT secretions by 10 mg/kg morphine-induced CTA most likely resulted from stress-related aversion but were not a rewarding property of morphine. For assessments of c-Fos and p-ERK expression, the cingulate cortex 1 (Cg1), prelimbic cortex (PrL), infralimbic cortex (IL), basolateral amygdala (BLA), nucleus accumbens (NAc), and dentate gyrus (DG) were involved in the morphine-induced CTA, and resulted from the aversive effect of morphine on conditioning and reinstatement. The c-Fos data showed fewer neural substrates (e.g., PrL, IL, and LH) on extinction to be hyperactive. In the context of previous drug addiction data, the evidence suggests that morphine injections may induce hyperactivity in many neural substrates, which mediate reward and/or aversion due to disturbance and nonhomeostasis in the brain. The results support the paradoxical effect hypothesis of abused drugs. Insight from the findings could be used in the clinical treatment of drug addiction.

Substance use disorders and the mechanisms of drug addiction

2020 ◽  
pp. 477-491
Author(s):  
Trevor W. Robbins ◽  
Barry J. Everitt
Keyword(s):  
Drug Addiction ◽  
Positive Reinforcement ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Dorsal Striatum ◽  
Critical Issue ◽  
Neural Substrates ◽  
Future Prospects ◽  
Self Administration ◽  
Limbic Systems ◽  
Brain Changes

The understanding of drug addiction has gained much from a neuroscientific approach, reflected by changing approaches in diagnosis. The two main psychological accounts of addiction to substances, ranging from alcohol and nicotine to opioids and stimulant drugs, are opponent motivational processing, emphasizing the importance of withdrawal symptoms, and aberrant learning from positive reinforcement. The neural and neurochemical systems implicated have been identified on the basis of animal studies, using especially the self-administration paradigm, and human investigations employing a range of brain imaging modalities. These neural substrates include dopamine-dependent functions of the ventral and dorsal striatum, as well as regulatory influences of fronto-limbic systems. The chapter considers the critical issue of cause and effect, and whether brain changes reflect neurotoxic effects of abuse or whether there are predisposing neurobehavioural factors. It also outlines the current situation and future prospects for treatment by medication, possibly in association with psychological approaches.

scholarly journals Neural Substrates and Circuits of Drug Addiction

2020 ◽  
pp. a039628 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew W. Feltenstein ◽  
Ronald E. See ◽  
Rita A. Fuchs
Keyword(s):  
Drug Addiction ◽  
Neural Substrates

scholarly journals Acupuncture on the Stress-Related Drug Relapse to Seeking

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Hyo Sun Roh ◽  
Bo Ra Park ◽  
Eun Young Jang ◽  
Jin Sook Kim ◽  
Young S. Gwak
Keyword(s):  
Stress Response ◽  
Drug Addiction ◽  
Negative Reinforcement ◽  
The Body ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Stress System ◽  
Drug Seeking ◽  
Drug Craving ◽  
Opponent Process ◽  
Seeking Behavior

Drug addiction is a chronic relapsing disease, which causes serious social and economic problems. The most important trial for the successful treatment of drug addiction is to prevent the high rate of relapse to drug-seeking behaviors. Opponent process as a motivational theory with excessive drug seeking in the negative reinforcement of drug dependence reflects both loss of brain reward system and recruitment of brain stress system. The negative emotional state produced by brain stress system during drug withdrawal might contribute to the intense drug craving and drive drug-seeking behaviors via negative reinforcement mechanisms. Decrease in dopamine neurotransmission in the nucleus accumbens and recruitment of corticotropin-releasing factor in the extended amygdala are hypothesized to be implicated in mediating this motivated behavior. Also, a brain stress response system is hypothesized to increase drug craving and contribute to relapse to drug-seeking behavior during the preoccupation and anticipation stage of dependence caused by the exposure to stress characterized as the nonspecific responses to any demands on the body. Acupuncture has proven to be effective for reducing drug addiction and stress-related psychiatric disorders, such as anxiety and depression. Furthermore, acupuncture has been shown to correct reversible brain malfunctions by regulating drug addiction and stress-related neurotransmitters. Accordingly, it seems reasonable to propose that acupuncture attenuates relapse to drug-seeking behavior through inhibition of stress response. In this review, a brief description of stress in relapse to drug-seeking behavior and the effects of acupuncture were presented.

DRUG ADDICTION: Zapping Memory Center Triggers Drug Craving

Science ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 292 (5519) ◽  
pp. 1039a-1039 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Holden
Keyword(s):  
Drug Addiction ◽  
Drug Craving

Lessons From the Neural Bases of Speech and Voice

2011 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-14
Author(s):  
Christy L. Ludlow
Keyword(s):  
Brain Networks ◽  
Neural Substrates ◽  
Voice Behavior ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Neural Bases ◽  
Sound Foundation ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Normal Speech

The premise of this article is that increased understanding of the brain bases for normal speech and voice behavior will provide a sound foundation for developing therapeutic approaches to establish or re-establish these functions. The neural substrates involved in speech/voice behaviors, the types of muscle patterning for speech and voice, the brain networks involved and their regulation, and how they can be externally modulated for improving function will be addressed.

The treatment of drug addiction

JAMA ◽  
1965 ◽  
Vol 194 (6) ◽  
pp. 680a-681
Author(s):  
V. H. Vogel
Keyword(s):  
Drug Addiction

Sinn und Unsinn von Systemen zum Monitoring von Suchtbehandlung – Nationale und internationale Erfahrungen

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roland Simon
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Drug Addiction ◽  
Monitoring Centre ◽  
Sind Eine ◽  
Drugs And Crime

Zusammenfassung. Zielsetzung: Monitoringsysteme für die Behandlung von Substanzbezogenen Störungen (MfS) werden eingesetzt, um den Gesundheitszustand der Zielgruppe, Interventionen und deren Ergebnisse zu erfassen. Die Entwicklung der bestehenden Systeme, Möglichkeiten und Probleme werden untersucht. Methodik: Da MfS selten Gegenstand wissenschaftlicher Publikationen sind, wurden, ausgehend von zentralen Publikationen des European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA), der Pompidou-Gruppe und der Weltgesundheitsorganisation (WHO) / United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) relevante Publikationen gesucht. Diese sind, zusammen mit der langjährigen Erfahrung in deutschen und europäischen MfS, Grundlage der Darstellung. Ergebnisse: Ähnliche Bedingungen und ein regelmäßiger Austausch haben zu Gemeinsamkeiten bei nationalen und internationalen MfS geführt. Zentrale Merkmale sind: eine Vielzahl beteiligter Akteure aus Versorgung, Finanzierung, Wissenschaft, Technik und Administration; Themenfelder: Verfügbarkeit und Zugang, Effektivität und Effizienz, Akzeptanz und Nutzung von Behandlung; Erhebungseinheiten: Klient, Therapeut, Einrichtung, Behandlung und Ergebnisse. Daten aus der Routineerhebung werden in meist anonymisierter Form regelmäßig zusammengeführt und berichtet. Zentrale Ziele sind dabei die Erkennung von Trends und Veränderungen, Abschätzung von Bedarf und Rückmeldung über die Effekte von Interventionen. Als kritisch erwiesen sich die Repräsentativität der Stichproben, nicht zu kontrollierende Einflussfaktoren und Probleme der Vergleichbarkeit zwischen Regionen, Teilgruppen und über die Zeit. Schlussfolgerungen: MfS sollten trotz methodischer Probleme und Einschränkungen weiter verwendet werden, da Informationen zu Behandlungsbedarf, Durchführung und Ergebnissen von Interventionen im Bereich der Suchthilfe zeitnah notwendig sind und alternative Datenquellen fehlen. Eine klarere Zielsetzung und bessere Konzeption, langfristige Perspektiven, Unabhängigkeit und Qualitätssicherung, eine kritische Interpretation der Ergebnisse und eine bessere Verknüpfung zwischen MfS, anderen Datenquellen und wissenschaftlicher Forschung könnten Wert und Bedeutung von MfS deutlich erhöhen.

DRUG ADDICTION AND CULTURAL RELATIVISM

1960 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 204-204
Author(s):  
DAVID P. AUSUBEL
Keyword(s):  
Drug Addiction ◽  
Cultural Relativism
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