scholarly journals Acupuncture on the Stress-Related Drug Relapse to Seeking

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Hyo Sun Roh ◽  
Bo Ra Park ◽  
Eun Young Jang ◽  
Jin Sook Kim ◽  
Young S. Gwak
Keyword(s):  
Stress Response ◽  
Drug Addiction ◽  
Negative Reinforcement ◽  
The Body ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Stress System ◽  
Drug Seeking ◽  
Drug Craving ◽  
Opponent Process ◽  
Seeking Behavior

Drug addiction is a chronic relapsing disease, which causes serious social and economic problems. The most important trial for the successful treatment of drug addiction is to prevent the high rate of relapse to drug-seeking behaviors. Opponent process as a motivational theory with excessive drug seeking in the negative reinforcement of drug dependence reflects both loss of brain reward system and recruitment of brain stress system. The negative emotional state produced by brain stress system during drug withdrawal might contribute to the intense drug craving and drive drug-seeking behaviors via negative reinforcement mechanisms. Decrease in dopamine neurotransmission in the nucleus accumbens and recruitment of corticotropin-releasing factor in the extended amygdala are hypothesized to be implicated in mediating this motivated behavior. Also, a brain stress response system is hypothesized to increase drug craving and contribute to relapse to drug-seeking behavior during the preoccupation and anticipation stage of dependence caused by the exposure to stress characterized as the nonspecific responses to any demands on the body. Acupuncture has proven to be effective for reducing drug addiction and stress-related psychiatric disorders, such as anxiety and depression. Furthermore, acupuncture has been shown to correct reversible brain malfunctions by regulating drug addiction and stress-related neurotransmitters. Accordingly, it seems reasonable to propose that acupuncture attenuates relapse to drug-seeking behavior through inhibition of stress response. In this review, a brief description of stress in relapse to drug-seeking behavior and the effects of acupuncture were presented.

Drug Withdrawal

2020 ◽  
pp. 97-116
Author(s):  
George F. Koob
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Stress Response ◽  
Substance Use Disorders ◽  
Negative Reinforcement ◽  
Drug Withdrawal ◽  
Primary Factor ◽  
Motivational Factor ◽  
Drug Seeking ◽  
Molecular Changes ◽  
Negative Emotional State

Drug withdrawal has long been considered a key symptom in the diagnosis of alcohol and substance use disorders. In this chapter, it is also conceptualized as a major motivational factor that drives compulsive drug taking. Drawing from the negative emotional components of withdrawal, termed hyperkatifeia (i.e., the negative emotional and motivational signs of withdrawal), the hypothesis here is that withdrawal sets up another major source of reinforcement—namely, negative reinforcement—for drug seeking in substance use disorders. From the perspective of the hyperkatifeia phenotype, withdrawal then returns to being a key part of moderate to severe alcohol and substance use disorders to become the primary factor that motivates sustained drug seeking. Such hyperkatifeia is mediated by a multidetermined neurocircuitry that compromises within-system neurochemical systems that are involved in the rewarding effects of drugs and promotes the activation of pro-stress neuromodulators that combine with a weakening or inadequate anti-stress response. Altogether, these neurocircuitry, neurochemical, and molecular changes lead to a negative emotional state (hyperkatifeia) that sets up an allostatic hedonic load that drives negative reinforcement. Under this framework, strong multidetermined buffers, if activated and sufficient to allow the reward and pro-stress systems to recover, may help return the organism to homeostasis.

scholarly journals Pharmacological Interventions on The Dopamine Motivation System Effectively Disturbed Cue-Induced Memory Reconsolidation Cocaine-Seeking Behavior for Rats

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Li ◽  
Nan Li ◽  
Liang Qu ◽  
Xin Wang ◽  
Ping Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Addiction ◽  
Sch 23390 ◽  
Memory Reconsolidation ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Self Administration ◽  
Pharmacological Interventions ◽  
Drug Seeking ◽  
Motivation System ◽  
Seeking Behavior

Abstract Drug addiction is a disorder related to dysfunction in the neural reward memory circuits, and it is characterized by compulsive drug use despite terrible negative consequences. Memory reconsolidation, during which aroused memory is easy to strengthening, weakening or updating, plays an extremely important role in drug addiction. Effectively interfering with the drug memory reconsolidation process would be key in treating drug addiction, but this intervention currently remains impossible. The dopamine motivation system has been widely recognized as an important system for reward, but whether the dopamine motivation system participates in drug memory reconsolidation is unclear. We aimed to explore the role of the dopamine motivation system during the cue-induced cocaine memory reconsolidation process by examining the effect of different pharmacological interventions on the dopamine motivation system during cue-induced cocaine self-administration-related memory reconsolidation drug-seeking behavior. Using a combined behavioral and biological method, our results showed that high concentrations of SCH 23390 and raclopride, or VTA lesions, could effectively disturb subsequent cue-induced cocaine self-administration-related memory reconsolidation drug-seeking behavior in rats. However, low concentrations of SCH 23390 and raclopride could not block this behavior. In summary, only a high dose of dopamine D1 and D2 receptor antagonists, or VTA lesions, could effectively disturb subsequent cue-induced cocaine self-administration-related memory reconsolidation drug-seeking behavior. These findings indicated that pharmacological interventions in the dopamine motivation system could effectively disturb subsequent cue-induced drug memory reconsolidation. Thus, pharmacological interventions on the dopamine motivation system might have therapeutic potential for drug addiction.

Drug addiction-the neurochemical perspective of brain in drug-seeking behavior

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
S.-K. Lin ◽  
S.-H. Wu ◽  
Y.-S. Yang ◽  
W.H.T. Pan
Keyword(s):  
Drug Addiction ◽  
Drug Seeking ◽  
Seeking Behavior

scholarly journals Oxidative Stress, Glutathione Metabolism, and Liver Regeneration Pathways Are Activated in Hereditary Tyrosinemia Type 1 Mice upon Short-Term Nitisinone Discontinuation

Genes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 3
Author(s):  
Haaike Colemonts-Vroninks ◽  
Jessie Neuckermans ◽  
Lionel Marcelis ◽  
Paul Claes ◽  
Steven Branson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Stress Response ◽  
Liver Regeneration ◽  
The Body ◽  
Glutathione Metabolism ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Therapeutic Regime ◽  
Tyrosinemia Type 1 ◽  
Hereditary Tyrosinemia

Hereditary tyrosinemia type 1 (HT1) is an inherited condition in which the body is unable to break down the amino acid tyrosine due to mutations in the fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (FAH) gene, coding for the final enzyme of the tyrosine degradation pathway. As a consequence, HT1 patients accumulate toxic tyrosine derivatives causing severe liver damage. Since its introduction, the drug nitisinone (NTBC) has offered a life-saving treatment that inhibits the upstream enzyme 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPD), thereby preventing production of downstream toxic metabolites. However, HT1 patients under NTBC therapy remain unable to degrade tyrosine. To control the disease and side-effects of the drug, HT1 patients need to take NTBC as an adjunct to a lifelong tyrosine and phenylalanine restricted diet. As a consequence of this strict therapeutic regime, drug compliance issues can arise with significant influence on patient health. In this study, we investigated the molecular impact of short-term NTBC therapy discontinuation on liver tissue of Fah-deficient mice. We found that after seven days of NTBC withdrawal, molecular pathways related to oxidative stress, glutathione metabolism, and liver regeneration were mostly affected. More specifically, NRF2-mediated oxidative stress response and several toxicological gene classes related to reactive oxygen species metabolism were significantly modulated. We observed that the expression of several key glutathione metabolism related genes including Slc7a11 and Ggt1 was highly increased after short-term NTBC therapy deprivation. This stress response was associated with the transcriptional activation of several markers of liver progenitor cells including Atf3, Cyr61, Ddr1, Epcam, Elovl7, and Glis3, indicating a concreted activation of liver regeneration early after NTBC withdrawal.

Care plans reduce ED visits in those with drug-seeking behavior

2015 ◽  
Vol 33 (12) ◽  
pp. 1799-1801 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick Fiesseler ◽  
Renee Riggs ◽  
David Salo ◽  
Richard Klemm ◽  
Ashley Flannery ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Seeking ◽  
Care Plans ◽  
Seeking Behavior ◽  
Ed Visits

The bidirectional mistrust

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 1336-1350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annica Björkman ◽  
Martin Salzmann-Erikson
Keyword(s):  
Demographic Data ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Online Communication ◽  
The Body ◽  
Care Seeking ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Descriptive Research ◽  
Body Of Knowledge ◽  
Care Seeking Behavior ◽  
Seeking Behavior

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore and describe online communication about the experiences and attitudes toward Swedish Healthcare Direct, a national telephone advice nursing (TAN) service. Design/methodology/approach A descriptive research design was adopted using a six-step netnographic method. Three Swedish forums were purposefully selected and data from the virtual discussions were collected. Findings Three themes emerged: expectancy and performativity of the nurses, absurdity in accessibility and the scrutinizing game. The most prominent finding was the scrutinizing game, which included aspects of bidirectional mistrust from both nurses and callers. Another salient finding was the attitudes that callers held toward nurses who used a technique interpreted as “passing the buck.” Research limitations/implications The use of a nethnographic method is novel in this area of research. Consequently, the body of knowledge has regarding telephone advise nursing service has significantly been broadened. A limitation in this study is that demographic data for the posters are not available. Practical implications Bidirectional distrust is an important issue that must be acknowledged by TAN services, since it might damage the service on a fundamental level. Healthcare providers, politicians, and researchers should account for the power and availability of virtual discussions when seeking consumers’ opinions and evaluating the quality of the care provided. Originality/value This analysis of the ongoing discussions that take place on the internet provides insight into callers’ perceptions of a national TAN service. The bidirectional mistrust found from both the nurses and the callers might be a threat to callers’ compliance with the advice given and their care-seeking behavior.

scholarly journals Stress and Growth in children and adolescents

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Mousikou ◽  
Andreas Kyriakou ◽  
Nicos Skordis
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Stress Response ◽  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Stress System ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Conservation Of Energy ◽  
Targeted Interventions ◽  
The Impact

The infantile, childhood, and adolescent periods of growth and development represent times of increased vulnerability to stressors. The rate of growth in each period depends on the interplay of genetic, environmental, dietary, socioeconomic, developmental, behavioral, nutritional, metabolic, biochemical, and hormonal factors. A stressor may have an impact on growth directly through modulation of the growth hormone axis or indirectly through modulation of other factors. The adaptive response to stressors culminates in behavioral, physiological, and biochemical responses, which together support survival and conservation of energy. The process begins within seconds and involves activation of sympathetic nervous system and Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal axis. The time-limited stress response is at once anti-growth, anti-reproductive and catabolic with no lasting adverse consequences. However, chronic activation of the stress system and hypercortisolism have consequential negative impacts on growth, thyroid function, reproduction-puberty, and metabolism. They suppress Growth Hormone-Insulin like growth factor 1, Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal and Thyroid axes and can be responsible for an increase in visceral adiposity, a decrease in lean mass, suppression of osteoblastic activity with risk of osteoporosis, and induction of insulin resistance. Early life adversities, emotional or physical, have been associated with long-term negative physical and mental health outcomes. There are many models of chronic stress that corroborate that early life adversities affect optimal growth and have consequences throughout the lifespan. Targeted interventions to reduce stress during infancy, childhood and adolescence can have far reaching benefits to long-term health as well as attaining adequate growth. In this review we describe the neuroendocrinology of the stress response, the factors influencing growth, and the impact of chronic stress on growth during critical periods of infancy, childhood, and puberty with reference to each of growth, thyroid, and gonadal axis.

scholarly journals Mindfulness-based self-care education for healthcare professional students in Japan

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 36
Author(s):  
Yusuke Takamiya ◽  
Shizuma Tsuchiya
Keyword(s):  
Healthcare Professional ◽  
Professional Training ◽  
Self Care ◽  
Care Program ◽  
The Body ◽  
University Education ◽  
High Rate ◽  
First Year ◽  
Professional Students ◽  
Care Education

[Background] Recent studies have consistently shown that medical students experience a high rate of psychological symptoms. In this situation, teaching mindfulness in medical school has the potential to prevent student burnout. However, there are few consistent educational programs in medical schools throughout Japan.[Method] Since 2015, Showa University (Tokyo) has practiced an intensive self-care program based on mindfulness for 600 first-year healthcare professional students in the schools of medicine, dentistry, pharmacy, nursing, and rehabilitation. The target objectives of this program were as follows: understand the needs of self-care, enhance self-awareness, evaluate evidence of mindfulness for mental diseases, and practice formal/informal mindfulness-based activities. This program consisted of a 90-minute lecture, followed by consecutive reflective activities, including completing personal journals and portfolios. The students were required to plan how to make use of what they learned in this course. The students were asked to complete a questionnaire upon completion of the course.[Results] The questionnaire indicated that more than 90% of the students were satisfied with the program, and about 25% started regular mindfulness-based practices such as meditation and breathing methods aimed to reduce test anxiety. Descriptions from the e-portfolio showed that the participants understood evitable stressors and the importance of the body-mind relationship.[Conclusion] Mindfulness-based self-care education can encourage healthcare students to understand the necessity of self-care during the early stages of their professional training. This program for the first year students will be followed by a course on Professionalism for healthcare professional students during their subsequent years of university education.  

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